Burma Rifle Medal Recommendations
One of the consistent themes running through the memoirs of former Chindit veterans is their high praise for the men of the 2nd Burma Rifles.
Many of the survivors from Operation Longcloth in 1943 recognise the debt of gratitude they owe to these soldiers. There can be no doubt, that hundreds of men from the 13th King's would not have returned from Burma that year if it were not for the skills and local knowledge of the Burma Riflemen.
Brigadier Mike Calvert in his book Prisoners of Hope recalled:
We had all come to take these Burma Rifle officers for granted. As a commander you would say, 'bring me six elephants, or a paddle steamer, or a Chinese Regiment, or fifteen bullocks; and they would look at you from behind their moustaches, salute, disappear followed by a worshipful company of Kachins, Chins or Karens, and then appear again with whatever you wanted. They certainly lived up to General Wingate's tribute, that they were the finest body of officers any unit ever possessed.
Shown here are just some of the recommendations put forward by grateful British Officers in 1943, in recognition of the debt they owed to the men of the Karen, Kachin and Shan States.
Many of the survivors from Operation Longcloth in 1943 recognise the debt of gratitude they owe to these soldiers. There can be no doubt, that hundreds of men from the 13th King's would not have returned from Burma that year if it were not for the skills and local knowledge of the Burma Riflemen.
Brigadier Mike Calvert in his book Prisoners of Hope recalled:
We had all come to take these Burma Rifle officers for granted. As a commander you would say, 'bring me six elephants, or a paddle steamer, or a Chinese Regiment, or fifteen bullocks; and they would look at you from behind their moustaches, salute, disappear followed by a worshipful company of Kachins, Chins or Karens, and then appear again with whatever you wanted. They certainly lived up to General Wingate's tribute, that they were the finest body of officers any unit ever possessed.
Shown here are just some of the recommendations put forward by grateful British Officers in 1943, in recognition of the debt they owed to the men of the Karen, Kachin and Shan States.
Captain Aung Thin on Operation Longcloth.
Captain Aung Thin
Aung Thin was educated in England, studying at Trent College in Nottingham. He lived in the southern district of Burma and his full family name was Maung Aung Thin. According to the pages of the London Gazette, he was commissioned to 2nd Lieutenant on the 7th March 1940 and served with the Burma Rifles from the beginning of the war, which included suffering an agonising march back to India in 1942, during the infamous retreat of British forces in the face of the Japanese advance.
On Operation Longcloth, Aung Thin worked as Liaison Officer within Brigadier Wingate's own Brigade Head Quarters. It has been stated, although never confirmed, that Aung Thin was the oldest soldier to take part on the first Chindit expedition. It is also suggested that it was Aung Thin who was responsible for the creation of the name Chindit.
They had previously been known as the Long Range Penetration Brigade, but Wingate was looking for something much shorter that would sum up exactly what they were out to achieve. Whilst the men rested up at Imphal in January 1943, Wingate asked Aung Thin what the national animal of Burma was. He was told that this was the peacock. Wingate considered the peacock too passive for his requirements and so Aung Thin suggested the Chinthe, the mythical beast, half-lion, half-griffin, whose statues stand guard over the entrance to most Burmese temples and pagodas. Wingate was thrilled, especially as he recognised that the Chinthe symbolised the close link between the ground and the air, which would be necessary for the forthcoming operations against the Japanese. The name quickly became corrupted by the British troops, ending up as Chindit, although the title would not become fully established until after the first expedition had ended.
Captain Aung Thin became a close confidant of Brigadier Wingate on Operation Longcloth, proving to be indispensable in liaison and delivering propaganda to the Burmese villages which they encountered during the expedition. From the book, Wingate's Raiders by Charles J. Rolo:
Wingate had drawn up the manifesto for his expedition with the help of his Burmese officers, who acted as spokesmen once behind enemy lines. One of them was a Burmese prince (Sao Man Hpa), heir apparent to one of the Shan States, who had volunteered to go back into Burma to rally his people to the Allied cause. Another was Captain Aung Thin, a thirty-seven-year-old Oxford-educated Burmese, who acted as the Brigadier's personal adviser and interpreter.
In this manifesto, Wingate spoke of his men as Chindits and in simple, picturesque language told of the growing strength of the Allies and the certainty of Burma's deliverance from the Japanese. " Our force," he said, " is stronger than it appears. We who have come among you can summon from afar great and mysterious powers of the air and will rid you of the fierce, scowling Japanese."
Wingate did not call on the Burmese to fight for the British or rashly to endanger their lives and their homes, and always made it clear that his force did not intend to remain in the country for too long at this juncture. He paid generously in silver rupees for food and the loan of boats. The natives greatly preferred Indian rupees to Japanese paper money, which in many places was considered completely worthless. The villagers had been worsted against assisting the British on pain of death and wholesale reprisals, and had been promised rewards if they killed or took prisoner any members of the expedition. In spite of this, most of the Burmese were friendly to the Chindits.
As a result of the efforts of Wingate's column, recruits came forward in some places to join the Allied cause, and volunteers offered to guide the Chindits over secret jungle trails unknown to the Japanese. Without this co-operation several parties would probably have been tracked down and annihilated. At many villages the Pongyi or Headman would lead them to the temple, where a gift of bananas had been laid out for them. Wingate always returned the compliment by contributing a bag of rupees to the temple fund. The Burmese reverently named him Lord Protector of the Pagodas.
It was clear to Wingate's men that the people of Northern Burma were beginning to dislike their Japanese masters pretty heartily. After the campaign Captain Aung Thin described two incidents which, he said, were typical of the experiences of the expedition:
In the first instance," he related, I entered a village alone—I can't mention its name—and was quickly surrounded by a band of villagers armed with sticks and dahs. They demanded fiercely whether I was working for the British or the Japanese. I replied: " Peace be unto you, friends, I am a Burman like yourselves. I fight on the side of the British to free Burma from the Japanese. I come with good will for your help and assistance. If I gain it I will reward you."
They were friendly, and supplied me with food and all the information I wanted. They also told me that the Japanese had issued orders that if five or fewer British troops should enter a village they must be attacked and overpowered. If a greater number, they must be given to believe they were safe while information was sent to the Japanese. In no instance that I know of were we ever betrayed in this way. We did, of course, reckon on the fact that the villagers would be forced to give the enemy information about our movements. That can hardly be held against them. They were defenceless, and to have defied Japanese pressure would have meant suicide for the whole village concerned. We know that a number of brave Burmese lied to the enemy about our whereabouts.
The second episode that sticks in my mind occurred about the middle of the campaign. I was approaching a village with a section of Burma Rifles when the inhabitants, who had heard that British troops were in the neighbourhood, flocked out to meet us. They gave us the food supplies they were supposed to keep in store for Japanese patrols, and were reluctant to accept any payment. One of the elders of the village made a little speech of welcome and expressed hopes for an Allied victory. " I can speak for this part of Burma," he said. " We had peace, we had plenty, we had fairness and justice and happiness, and the Japanese have robbed us of these things. Burma waits and prays for the day when the cruel Japanese will be driven out for ever." This old man was speaking for his part of Burma, I think that what he said is true of most of Northern Burma today.
Aung Thin was educated in England, studying at Trent College in Nottingham. He lived in the southern district of Burma and his full family name was Maung Aung Thin. According to the pages of the London Gazette, he was commissioned to 2nd Lieutenant on the 7th March 1940 and served with the Burma Rifles from the beginning of the war, which included suffering an agonising march back to India in 1942, during the infamous retreat of British forces in the face of the Japanese advance.
On Operation Longcloth, Aung Thin worked as Liaison Officer within Brigadier Wingate's own Brigade Head Quarters. It has been stated, although never confirmed, that Aung Thin was the oldest soldier to take part on the first Chindit expedition. It is also suggested that it was Aung Thin who was responsible for the creation of the name Chindit.
They had previously been known as the Long Range Penetration Brigade, but Wingate was looking for something much shorter that would sum up exactly what they were out to achieve. Whilst the men rested up at Imphal in January 1943, Wingate asked Aung Thin what the national animal of Burma was. He was told that this was the peacock. Wingate considered the peacock too passive for his requirements and so Aung Thin suggested the Chinthe, the mythical beast, half-lion, half-griffin, whose statues stand guard over the entrance to most Burmese temples and pagodas. Wingate was thrilled, especially as he recognised that the Chinthe symbolised the close link between the ground and the air, which would be necessary for the forthcoming operations against the Japanese. The name quickly became corrupted by the British troops, ending up as Chindit, although the title would not become fully established until after the first expedition had ended.
Captain Aung Thin became a close confidant of Brigadier Wingate on Operation Longcloth, proving to be indispensable in liaison and delivering propaganda to the Burmese villages which they encountered during the expedition. From the book, Wingate's Raiders by Charles J. Rolo:
Wingate had drawn up the manifesto for his expedition with the help of his Burmese officers, who acted as spokesmen once behind enemy lines. One of them was a Burmese prince (Sao Man Hpa), heir apparent to one of the Shan States, who had volunteered to go back into Burma to rally his people to the Allied cause. Another was Captain Aung Thin, a thirty-seven-year-old Oxford-educated Burmese, who acted as the Brigadier's personal adviser and interpreter.
In this manifesto, Wingate spoke of his men as Chindits and in simple, picturesque language told of the growing strength of the Allies and the certainty of Burma's deliverance from the Japanese. " Our force," he said, " is stronger than it appears. We who have come among you can summon from afar great and mysterious powers of the air and will rid you of the fierce, scowling Japanese."
Wingate did not call on the Burmese to fight for the British or rashly to endanger their lives and their homes, and always made it clear that his force did not intend to remain in the country for too long at this juncture. He paid generously in silver rupees for food and the loan of boats. The natives greatly preferred Indian rupees to Japanese paper money, which in many places was considered completely worthless. The villagers had been worsted against assisting the British on pain of death and wholesale reprisals, and had been promised rewards if they killed or took prisoner any members of the expedition. In spite of this, most of the Burmese were friendly to the Chindits.
As a result of the efforts of Wingate's column, recruits came forward in some places to join the Allied cause, and volunteers offered to guide the Chindits over secret jungle trails unknown to the Japanese. Without this co-operation several parties would probably have been tracked down and annihilated. At many villages the Pongyi or Headman would lead them to the temple, where a gift of bananas had been laid out for them. Wingate always returned the compliment by contributing a bag of rupees to the temple fund. The Burmese reverently named him Lord Protector of the Pagodas.
It was clear to Wingate's men that the people of Northern Burma were beginning to dislike their Japanese masters pretty heartily. After the campaign Captain Aung Thin described two incidents which, he said, were typical of the experiences of the expedition:
In the first instance," he related, I entered a village alone—I can't mention its name—and was quickly surrounded by a band of villagers armed with sticks and dahs. They demanded fiercely whether I was working for the British or the Japanese. I replied: " Peace be unto you, friends, I am a Burman like yourselves. I fight on the side of the British to free Burma from the Japanese. I come with good will for your help and assistance. If I gain it I will reward you."
They were friendly, and supplied me with food and all the information I wanted. They also told me that the Japanese had issued orders that if five or fewer British troops should enter a village they must be attacked and overpowered. If a greater number, they must be given to believe they were safe while information was sent to the Japanese. In no instance that I know of were we ever betrayed in this way. We did, of course, reckon on the fact that the villagers would be forced to give the enemy information about our movements. That can hardly be held against them. They were defenceless, and to have defied Japanese pressure would have meant suicide for the whole village concerned. We know that a number of brave Burmese lied to the enemy about our whereabouts.
The second episode that sticks in my mind occurred about the middle of the campaign. I was approaching a village with a section of Burma Rifles when the inhabitants, who had heard that British troops were in the neighbourhood, flocked out to meet us. They gave us the food supplies they were supposed to keep in store for Japanese patrols, and were reluctant to accept any payment. One of the elders of the village made a little speech of welcome and expressed hopes for an Allied victory. " I can speak for this part of Burma," he said. " We had peace, we had plenty, we had fairness and justice and happiness, and the Japanese have robbed us of these things. Burma waits and prays for the day when the cruel Japanese will be driven out for ever." This old man was speaking for his part of Burma, I think that what he said is true of most of Northern Burma today.
Whilst on the expedition in 1943, Captain Aung Thin told of his worry for the safety of his wife, Hta Hta and his two young daughters. He had last seen them in early 1942 and his concern was based on the Japanese discovering his own involvement with the Chindits and arresting and torturing his family in an act of reprisal. I am not sure how much this understandable concern on behalf of the ranks of the 2nd Burma Rifles was taken into consideration by the hierarchy of the first Chindit Brigade in the planning stages of the operation, but, by the time the Brigade was ensconced behind enemy lines in February 1943 it was certainly at the forefront of their thinking.
Seen below is the only known photograph of Captain Aung Thin from his time on the first Wingate expedition in 1943. Please click on the image to bring it forward on the page.
Seen below is the only known photograph of Captain Aung Thin from his time on the first Wingate expedition in 1943. Please click on the image to bring it forward on the page.
Captain Aung Thin and some of his Chindit comrades from Operation Longcloth.
Once dispersal had been called, Wingate led his party of around 40 men away along the east banks of the Irrawaddy River. It took this group over three weeks to make the return trip to India. As one might imagine, Captain Aung Thin and his knowledge of the country and people would turn out to be a crucial element in getting these men back to Allied held territory.
Contained within the pages of the book Wingate's Lost Brigade, written by Philip Chinnery, is a short account from RAF Wireless Operator Sgt. Arthur Willshaw, which describes the last few days march of Wingate's dispersal party and their arrival at the Chindwin River:
After crossing the Mu River we faced the last sixty miles over almost impossible country to the Chindwin. It was here that we met an old Burmese Buddhist hermit, who appeared one evening just out of nowhere. He explained via the interpreters, that he had been sent to lead to safety a party of white strangers who were coming into his area. He was asked who had sent him and his only answer was that his God had warned him.
It was a risk we had to take, especially as we knew from information from friendly villagers that the Japs, now wise to our escape plan, were watching every road and track from the Mu to the Chindwin. Day after day he led us along animal trails and elephant tracks, sometimes wading for a day at a time through waist-high mountain streams. At one point on a very high peak we saw, way in the distance, a thin blue ribbon, it was the Chindwin. What added spirit this gave our flagging bodies and spent energies.
All our supplies were gone and we were really living on what we could find. A kind of lethargy was slowly taking its toll on us, we just couldn't care less one way or the other. The old hermit took us to within a few miles of the Chindwin and disappeared as strangely as he had appeared. It was then around the 23rd April.
A villager we stopped on the track told us that the Japanese were everywhere and that it would be impossible to get boats to cross the river as they had it so well guarded. Wingate selected five swimmers who would, with himself, attempt to get to the Chindwin, swim it and send back boats to an agreed rendezvous with the others. These swimmers were Brigadier Wingate, Captain Aung Thin of the Burma Rifles, Captain Jefferies, Sergeant Carey of the Commandos, Private Boardman of the 13th King's, and myself.
At 0400 hours on the morning of 29th April 1943 the six of us set out for the river. Soon we struck a terrible stretch of elephant grass, seven or eight feet high and with an edge like a razor. We reconnoitred along it but could see no end to it, and no track through it, so the decision was made to push through it. Each man in turn dived headlong into it while the others pushed him flat; after a few minutes another took his place at the front. In four hours we had covered about 300 yards and were making such a noise that we feared the Japanese would be waiting when we broke out of the other side.
We pushed our way into a small clearing and collapsed; I couldn't have gone another foot and I know that we all had the same sickening thought. After all we had been through, how could we find the strength to go on? Then Wingate crawled to a gap in the grass and disappeared, only to reappear within minutes beckoning us to join him. We pushed our way another few feet and there it was, the Chindwin, right under our noses. Arms and legs streaming with blood, we decided to chance the Japs and swim for it right away. Among the many things I asked for on my pre-operational stocking-up visit to Karachi was a number of 'Mae West' lifejackets. I had carried mine throughout the whole of the expedition; I wore it as a waistcoat, used it as a pillow, used it to ford rivers and streams, and I still have it today. It was to save my life and that of Aung Thin that day.
Blowing it up, I explained that I would swim last and that if anybody got into difficulties they could hang on to me and we would drift downstream if necessary. How I feared that crossing, even though the Mae West was filthy and muddy from our time in Burma, it would soon wash clean in the water and what a bright orange coloured target it would make for the waiting Japs! And so into the water; ten yards made, twenty yards, fifty, one hundred, now almost just drifting, thoroughly exhausted. Aung Thin with a last despairing effort made it to my side and together we struggled the remaining fifty yards to the other bank. We dragged ourselves up the bank and into cover, I still relive those fifteen minutes waiting for the burst of machine-gun fire that thankfully didn't come.
To read the full story of Brigadier Wingate's journey back to India, please click on the following link: Wingate's Journey Home
For his efforts on Operation Longcloth, Captain Aung Thin was awarded the Distinguished Service Order:
Contained within the pages of the book Wingate's Lost Brigade, written by Philip Chinnery, is a short account from RAF Wireless Operator Sgt. Arthur Willshaw, which describes the last few days march of Wingate's dispersal party and their arrival at the Chindwin River:
After crossing the Mu River we faced the last sixty miles over almost impossible country to the Chindwin. It was here that we met an old Burmese Buddhist hermit, who appeared one evening just out of nowhere. He explained via the interpreters, that he had been sent to lead to safety a party of white strangers who were coming into his area. He was asked who had sent him and his only answer was that his God had warned him.
It was a risk we had to take, especially as we knew from information from friendly villagers that the Japs, now wise to our escape plan, were watching every road and track from the Mu to the Chindwin. Day after day he led us along animal trails and elephant tracks, sometimes wading for a day at a time through waist-high mountain streams. At one point on a very high peak we saw, way in the distance, a thin blue ribbon, it was the Chindwin. What added spirit this gave our flagging bodies and spent energies.
All our supplies were gone and we were really living on what we could find. A kind of lethargy was slowly taking its toll on us, we just couldn't care less one way or the other. The old hermit took us to within a few miles of the Chindwin and disappeared as strangely as he had appeared. It was then around the 23rd April.
A villager we stopped on the track told us that the Japanese were everywhere and that it would be impossible to get boats to cross the river as they had it so well guarded. Wingate selected five swimmers who would, with himself, attempt to get to the Chindwin, swim it and send back boats to an agreed rendezvous with the others. These swimmers were Brigadier Wingate, Captain Aung Thin of the Burma Rifles, Captain Jefferies, Sergeant Carey of the Commandos, Private Boardman of the 13th King's, and myself.
At 0400 hours on the morning of 29th April 1943 the six of us set out for the river. Soon we struck a terrible stretch of elephant grass, seven or eight feet high and with an edge like a razor. We reconnoitred along it but could see no end to it, and no track through it, so the decision was made to push through it. Each man in turn dived headlong into it while the others pushed him flat; after a few minutes another took his place at the front. In four hours we had covered about 300 yards and were making such a noise that we feared the Japanese would be waiting when we broke out of the other side.
We pushed our way into a small clearing and collapsed; I couldn't have gone another foot and I know that we all had the same sickening thought. After all we had been through, how could we find the strength to go on? Then Wingate crawled to a gap in the grass and disappeared, only to reappear within minutes beckoning us to join him. We pushed our way another few feet and there it was, the Chindwin, right under our noses. Arms and legs streaming with blood, we decided to chance the Japs and swim for it right away. Among the many things I asked for on my pre-operational stocking-up visit to Karachi was a number of 'Mae West' lifejackets. I had carried mine throughout the whole of the expedition; I wore it as a waistcoat, used it as a pillow, used it to ford rivers and streams, and I still have it today. It was to save my life and that of Aung Thin that day.
Blowing it up, I explained that I would swim last and that if anybody got into difficulties they could hang on to me and we would drift downstream if necessary. How I feared that crossing, even though the Mae West was filthy and muddy from our time in Burma, it would soon wash clean in the water and what a bright orange coloured target it would make for the waiting Japs! And so into the water; ten yards made, twenty yards, fifty, one hundred, now almost just drifting, thoroughly exhausted. Aung Thin with a last despairing effort made it to my side and together we struggled the remaining fifty yards to the other bank. We dragged ourselves up the bank and into cover, I still relive those fifteen minutes waiting for the burst of machine-gun fire that thankfully didn't come.
To read the full story of Brigadier Wingate's journey back to India, please click on the following link: Wingate's Journey Home
For his efforts on Operation Longcloth, Captain Aung Thin was awarded the Distinguished Service Order:
OPERATIONS IN BURMA - MARCH 1943
Captain Aung Thin commanded the Propaganda Section of Brigade Headquarters. In addition to his duties in this connection he acted throughout the campaign as the Brigade Commander's personal adviser on Burmese affairs. His duties required him constantly to place himself in positions of great danger. On approaching the Irrawaddy, he volunteered to take forward a small party of Shans, to enter by night a village stated to be occupied by the enemy. In doing so he took great risk, but carried out this duty admirably. His action resulted in the enemy's withdrawal.
In crossing the the Irrawaddy he again took forward a party of Burma Riflemen and entered villages on the East bank containing contingents of the Burma Defence Army. With his usual courage and daring he addressed the villagers with the result that the Burma Defence Army shut itself up in its houses and did not interfere with the operation and crossing.
On the return journey, the Brigade Commander's party owed its survival largely to the unfailing courage and devotion of Captain Aung Thin. On this occasion he must have entered alone and in advance of the party, at least 20 or 30 villages, any one of which might have contained the enemy. On every occasion he successfully appealed to villagers to assist with food and information. When, within four days of the Chindwin he fell down and put out his knee, in spite of his accident he struggled on with unabated courage and cheerfulness and swum the Chindwin River unaided.
It is impossible to over-value the services of this officer. The services demanded not only great tact and knowledge of the country, but also consistent personal courage and example of a very high order.
Award Recommended By:
Brigadier O.C. Wingate,
Commander 77th Indian Infantry Brigade Group
Honour or Reward-D.S.O. (Immediate).
Gazetted 05.08.1943.
After Operation Longcloth, Captain Aung Thin spent several weeks recuperating in Northern India before rejoining the 2nd Burma Rifles at their new barracks in Karachi. On the 19th September he was sent away to Delhi on temporary duty, before being posted on the 20th September to 15 Head Quarters of Special Force. It is not known in what capacity he served during the second Chindit expedition in 1944, but it is clear from the diary that he had some involvement. After Burma gained her independence in 1948, Aung Thin became Brigadier for Southern District Army, but the troubled nature of post war Burma and the bitter in-fighting between rival tribal factions meant that his tenure in this post was to be short-lived.
Seen below is a gallery of images in relation to this narrative including photographs of Aung Thin's DSO citation. Please click on any image to bring it forward on the page.
Captain Aung Thin commanded the Propaganda Section of Brigade Headquarters. In addition to his duties in this connection he acted throughout the campaign as the Brigade Commander's personal adviser on Burmese affairs. His duties required him constantly to place himself in positions of great danger. On approaching the Irrawaddy, he volunteered to take forward a small party of Shans, to enter by night a village stated to be occupied by the enemy. In doing so he took great risk, but carried out this duty admirably. His action resulted in the enemy's withdrawal.
In crossing the the Irrawaddy he again took forward a party of Burma Riflemen and entered villages on the East bank containing contingents of the Burma Defence Army. With his usual courage and daring he addressed the villagers with the result that the Burma Defence Army shut itself up in its houses and did not interfere with the operation and crossing.
On the return journey, the Brigade Commander's party owed its survival largely to the unfailing courage and devotion of Captain Aung Thin. On this occasion he must have entered alone and in advance of the party, at least 20 or 30 villages, any one of which might have contained the enemy. On every occasion he successfully appealed to villagers to assist with food and information. When, within four days of the Chindwin he fell down and put out his knee, in spite of his accident he struggled on with unabated courage and cheerfulness and swum the Chindwin River unaided.
It is impossible to over-value the services of this officer. The services demanded not only great tact and knowledge of the country, but also consistent personal courage and example of a very high order.
Award Recommended By:
Brigadier O.C. Wingate,
Commander 77th Indian Infantry Brigade Group
Honour or Reward-D.S.O. (Immediate).
Gazetted 05.08.1943.
After Operation Longcloth, Captain Aung Thin spent several weeks recuperating in Northern India before rejoining the 2nd Burma Rifles at their new barracks in Karachi. On the 19th September he was sent away to Delhi on temporary duty, before being posted on the 20th September to 15 Head Quarters of Special Force. It is not known in what capacity he served during the second Chindit expedition in 1944, but it is clear from the diary that he had some involvement. After Burma gained her independence in 1948, Aung Thin became Brigadier for Southern District Army, but the troubled nature of post war Burma and the bitter in-fighting between rival tribal factions meant that his tenure in this post was to be short-lived.
Seen below is a gallery of images in relation to this narrative including photographs of Aung Thin's DSO citation. Please click on any image to bring it forward on the page.
The Chindit operation of 1943 owed much to men such as Major Herbert Castens of GSI (Z) or Z Force as it was known. Castens, a Forestry Officer before the war, had not only paved the way for the Chindit reconnaissance parties in late 1942, but had also informed Wingate of a secret track, which was used during the operation to bypass the Japanese garrisons stationed in the Zibyu Taungdan Escarpment. Many of the men from Z Force and units just like them received recognition after the war for their brave and daring actions behind enemy lines. Without such men, the effectiveness of operations such as the first Chindit expedition would have been much reduced.
Seen below are the recommendations for Herbert Castens (MBE) and Halvidar Sa Baw Gam (Burma Gallantry Medal), both of GSI (Z) in 1942-43. Please click on any image to bring it forward on the page. To read more about Herbert Castens and his involvement with the Chindits, please click on the following link: Bertie Castens' Secret Track
Seen below are the recommendations for Herbert Castens (MBE) and Halvidar Sa Baw Gam (Burma Gallantry Medal), both of GSI (Z) in 1942-43. Please click on any image to bring it forward on the page. To read more about Herbert Castens and his involvement with the Chindits, please click on the following link: Bertie Castens' Secret Track
Captain Nigel Whitehead
Captain Nigel Whitehead was the senior Burma Rifles Officer in Chindit Column 8, commanded by Major Walter Purcell Scott. Major Scott recognised the valuable contribution made by Whitehead on Operation Longcloth and put him forward for the MBE.
OPERATIONS IN BURMA - February-April 1943
189619 Lieutenant (temporary Captain) Nigel Whitehead
Action for which recommended :
During all the operations from February through April 1943, this officer performed admirably the duties of officer commanding the Burma Rifles detachment with No. 8 Column. He showed real energy and resource in all the activities in which he engaged, whether foraging for food or in the collection of intelligence, which was always of a high standard of accuracy. He also undertook many other duties within the column, and enjoyed the confidence of his Column Commander to a high degree. His courage under fire and his sterling common sense at all times made him a most valuable officer.
Award Recommended By- Major W.P.Scott, King's Regt.
Column Commander,
77th Indian Infantry Brigade
Honour or Reward-M.B.E. (Military).
Signed By-
Brigadier O.C. Wingate
Commander 77th Indian Infantry Brigade.
Gazetted 16.12.1943.
Seen below are Captain Whitehead's original MBE recommendation and an example of a Military type MBE medal. Please click on either image to bring it forward on the page and to read more about this soldier's contribution on Operation Longcloth please click on the following link: Captain Nigel Whitehead
Captain Nigel Whitehead was the senior Burma Rifles Officer in Chindit Column 8, commanded by Major Walter Purcell Scott. Major Scott recognised the valuable contribution made by Whitehead on Operation Longcloth and put him forward for the MBE.
OPERATIONS IN BURMA - February-April 1943
189619 Lieutenant (temporary Captain) Nigel Whitehead
Action for which recommended :
During all the operations from February through April 1943, this officer performed admirably the duties of officer commanding the Burma Rifles detachment with No. 8 Column. He showed real energy and resource in all the activities in which he engaged, whether foraging for food or in the collection of intelligence, which was always of a high standard of accuracy. He also undertook many other duties within the column, and enjoyed the confidence of his Column Commander to a high degree. His courage under fire and his sterling common sense at all times made him a most valuable officer.
Award Recommended By- Major W.P.Scott, King's Regt.
Column Commander,
77th Indian Infantry Brigade
Honour or Reward-M.B.E. (Military).
Signed By-
Brigadier O.C. Wingate
Commander 77th Indian Infantry Brigade.
Gazetted 16.12.1943.
Seen below are Captain Whitehead's original MBE recommendation and an example of a Military type MBE medal. Please click on either image to bring it forward on the page and to read more about this soldier's contribution on Operation Longcloth please click on the following link: Captain Nigel Whitehead
3309 Lance Naik Tun Lwin
The next recommendation is for the Burma Gallantry Medal, which was awarded to Lance Naik Tun Lwin, a member of Chindit Column 1 on Operation Longcloth, commanded by Major George Dunlop MC.
OPERATIONS IN BURMA - MARCH-APRIL 1943
3309-Lance Naik Tun Lwin, 2nd Burma Rifles.
Action for which recommended:
On 4th April 1943, the Column to which this N.C.O. belonged was attempting to cross the Shweli River. A bridgehead was in process of being established when the enemy appeared in strength and the crossing had to be abandoned. Lance Naik Tun Lwin immediately volunteered to take a boat across. Although in full view of the enemy and under continuous and heavy fire, he succeeded in bringing back all the men on the far bank who had not already become casualties. On all occasions his courage and devotion to duty was an inspired example to everyone in his column, whether Gurkha, British or Burman.
Recommended By:
Major G.D. Dunlop MC, Royal Scots.
Column Commander
77th Indian Infantry Brigade Group.
Honour or Reward
Burma Gallantry Medal (Immediate).
Signed By:
Brigadier O.C. Wingate
Commander 77th Indian Infantry Brigade.
Gazetted 05.08.1943
Seen below is the original copy of Tun Lwin's recommendation and a photograph of Major Dunlop. Please click on any image to bring it forward on the page.
The next recommendation is for the Burma Gallantry Medal, which was awarded to Lance Naik Tun Lwin, a member of Chindit Column 1 on Operation Longcloth, commanded by Major George Dunlop MC.
OPERATIONS IN BURMA - MARCH-APRIL 1943
3309-Lance Naik Tun Lwin, 2nd Burma Rifles.
Action for which recommended:
On 4th April 1943, the Column to which this N.C.O. belonged was attempting to cross the Shweli River. A bridgehead was in process of being established when the enemy appeared in strength and the crossing had to be abandoned. Lance Naik Tun Lwin immediately volunteered to take a boat across. Although in full view of the enemy and under continuous and heavy fire, he succeeded in bringing back all the men on the far bank who had not already become casualties. On all occasions his courage and devotion to duty was an inspired example to everyone in his column, whether Gurkha, British or Burman.
Recommended By:
Major G.D. Dunlop MC, Royal Scots.
Column Commander
77th Indian Infantry Brigade Group.
Honour or Reward
Burma Gallantry Medal (Immediate).
Signed By:
Brigadier O.C. Wingate
Commander 77th Indian Infantry Brigade.
Gazetted 05.08.1943
Seen below is the original copy of Tun Lwin's recommendation and a photograph of Major Dunlop. Please click on any image to bring it forward on the page.
Jemadar Lian Nawn in 1944.
The next two recommendations are for one single soldier who served with the Chindits. Havildar Lian Nawn was a member of the Burma Rifles section commanded by Captain Aung Thin in 1943. He served in Wingate's Brigade HQ on Operation Longcloth and then again in 1944 attached to the 1st Cameronians in 111th Brigade. His commander in 1944 was Major J.A.E. MacPherson who had also served on Operation Longcloth the year before.
50166 Havildar (later Jemadar) Lian Nawn
Brigade-77th Indian Infantry Brigade.
Unit-2nd Battalion, The Burma Rifles attached Brigade HQ.
Date of Recommendation-11th February 1944.
Action for which recommended :
This N.C.O. was attached to the Brigade Commander's party, and worked under Major Aung Thin throughout the campaign of 77th Brigade in Spring 1943.
After Subedar Ba La Sein had become separated from the party, the duty of entering villages first, carrying out foraging, and preceding the Brigade Commander's party on the tracks, invariably fell to Havildar Lian Nawn.
Under these circumstances he showed courage and devotion to duty. In particular, when his party was at its lowest ebb and had reached the east bank of the Chindwin only to find the Japanese in possession, and failed to make contact with the boats which had been arranged. This N.C.O. volunteered to enter a village occupied by unfriendly natives, and to arrange with them boats for the party. He stuck to his post in spite of the fact that an Indian Officer (Captain Motilal Katju) on visiting him there was killed. The arrival of the Japanese shortly afterwards prevented him from contacting his party, which was successfully withdrawn across the Chindwin without him. He was believed killed, but found the means in his possession to save himself and then turned all his energies to the problem of regaining British territory, and some weeks afterwards succeeded in doing so.
The gallantry and hardihood of this N.C.O. are beyond praise. The circumstances under which they were displayed were such as to try the staunchness of the stoutest hearted.
Recommended By-Major-General O.C. Wingate
Commander Special Force.
Honour or Reward-Burma Gallantry Medal.
Gazetted 19.10.1944.
50166 Havildar (later Jemadar) Lian Nawn
Brigade-77th Indian Infantry Brigade.
Unit-2nd Battalion, The Burma Rifles attached Brigade HQ.
Date of Recommendation-11th February 1944.
Action for which recommended :
This N.C.O. was attached to the Brigade Commander's party, and worked under Major Aung Thin throughout the campaign of 77th Brigade in Spring 1943.
After Subedar Ba La Sein had become separated from the party, the duty of entering villages first, carrying out foraging, and preceding the Brigade Commander's party on the tracks, invariably fell to Havildar Lian Nawn.
Under these circumstances he showed courage and devotion to duty. In particular, when his party was at its lowest ebb and had reached the east bank of the Chindwin only to find the Japanese in possession, and failed to make contact with the boats which had been arranged. This N.C.O. volunteered to enter a village occupied by unfriendly natives, and to arrange with them boats for the party. He stuck to his post in spite of the fact that an Indian Officer (Captain Motilal Katju) on visiting him there was killed. The arrival of the Japanese shortly afterwards prevented him from contacting his party, which was successfully withdrawn across the Chindwin without him. He was believed killed, but found the means in his possession to save himself and then turned all his energies to the problem of regaining British territory, and some weeks afterwards succeeded in doing so.
The gallantry and hardihood of this N.C.O. are beyond praise. The circumstances under which they were displayed were such as to try the staunchness of the stoutest hearted.
Recommended By-Major-General O.C. Wingate
Commander Special Force.
Honour or Reward-Burma Gallantry Medal.
Gazetted 19.10.1944.
Military Cross in its case.
50166 Jemadar Lian Nawn
Brigade-111th Indian Infantry.
Division-3rd Indian.
Unit-2nd Burma Rifles, attached 1st Battalion the Cameronians.
Date of Recommendation-7th August 1944
Action for which recommended :
Jemadar Lian Nawn showed considerable qualities of leadership and initiative in seeking out and engaging the enemy. He led numerous dangerous recce patrols and never failed to engage the enemy when in contact. During these actions his example was an inspiration to his men. On one occasion on the Mawlu-Pinlebu Road when his column was on a road block, Jemadar Lian Nawn was with a small party detailed to distract the enemies attention. The main body of the enemy soon attacked and surrounded the party. Showing extreme steadiness he directed the fire of his section so effectively that the enemy were halted and finally forced to withdraw from his section. He himself killed two Japanese at very close quarters.
He showed great devotion to duty to his men when one of his party was injured on a recce. It was impossible for the small party to carry this man across country, so Jemadar Lian Nawn decided to assist his comrade back to safety along the main Japanese Line of Communication. He spent two days going through villages and along tracks which were regularly patrolled and used by the enemy and by skilful use of local intelligence managed to bring his comrade back to safety.
Recommended By-Major MacPherson, 2nd Burma Rifles.
Honour or Reward-Military Cross.
Signed-Major-General W. Lentaigne
Commander Special Force.
Gazetted 26th April 1945.
Brigade-111th Indian Infantry.
Division-3rd Indian.
Unit-2nd Burma Rifles, attached 1st Battalion the Cameronians.
Date of Recommendation-7th August 1944
Action for which recommended :
Jemadar Lian Nawn showed considerable qualities of leadership and initiative in seeking out and engaging the enemy. He led numerous dangerous recce patrols and never failed to engage the enemy when in contact. During these actions his example was an inspiration to his men. On one occasion on the Mawlu-Pinlebu Road when his column was on a road block, Jemadar Lian Nawn was with a small party detailed to distract the enemies attention. The main body of the enemy soon attacked and surrounded the party. Showing extreme steadiness he directed the fire of his section so effectively that the enemy were halted and finally forced to withdraw from his section. He himself killed two Japanese at very close quarters.
He showed great devotion to duty to his men when one of his party was injured on a recce. It was impossible for the small party to carry this man across country, so Jemadar Lian Nawn decided to assist his comrade back to safety along the main Japanese Line of Communication. He spent two days going through villages and along tracks which were regularly patrolled and used by the enemy and by skilful use of local intelligence managed to bring his comrade back to safety.
Recommended By-Major MacPherson, 2nd Burma Rifles.
Honour or Reward-Military Cross.
Signed-Major-General W. Lentaigne
Commander Special Force.
Gazetted 26th April 1945.
The next two citations record the award of the Distinguished Service Order and the Military Cross, to the 2nd Burma Rifles commanding officers; Lieutenant-Colonel L.G. Wheeler and Captain P.C. Buchanan respectively. Seen below the written transcriptions are images of the original paper recommendations. Apologies for the standard of these images, please click on either to bring it forward on the page.
OPERATIONS IN BURMA - MARCH 1943
Major (T/Lt.Col.) WHEELER, Commander, 2 Burma Rifles was entrusted with preparing the way in advance of the main body of the Force. For this hazardous and vital task he was eminently suited since his knowledge of Burma and its people was unrivalled. He was thus well aware of the dangers and difficulties which columns would encounter in traversing enemy occupied territory - better indeed, than anyone in the Brigade - but he exerted himself throughout to encourage and sustain not only officers in his own unit but also those outside it.
To him was due the high standard of training achieved by his men, and throughout the operations he displayed infinite courage and daring. On several occasions leading the advance of the Brigade as he did, Wheeler with his party of 120 Riflemen, encountered and dealt with enemy patrols and during these clashes he exhibited perfect courage and coolness. The prominence of the Burma Rifles and the unqualified reliance placed on them by all the commanders throughout the campaign, is the best tribute to the personality of Lt-Colonel Wheeler and to the devotion which he inspired in all officers and men, whether British Burman or Gurkha.
(Since killed in action 04/04/1943).
Recommended By
Brigadier O.C. Wingate, DSO
Commander
77th Indian Infantry Brigade.
OPERATIONS IN BURMA - MARCH 1943
Captain Buchanan entered Burma as Adjutant of the 2nd Burma Rifles. Duties which he continued to discharge until the death in action of his Commanding Officer, Lt.Col. Wheeler, near Zibyugin, east of the Irrawaddy, when he himself took over command of the small party of Burma Rifles with him at the time, and successfully led them out via Fort Hertz.
Throughout these operations, Captain Buchanan displayed great courage and gave an example of unselfishness and indifference to personal safety that had an inspiring effect on all ranks who witnessed it. In particular, when the Brigade Group was bivouaced 12 miles north of Wuntho from the 12th to the 15th March 1943, Captain Buchanan took a small party into the enemy post at Wuntho remaining in a position immediately overlooking the town and the enemy's dispositions for a period of 36 hours. During this period he relayed messages to the Brigade H.Q. every six hours, containing accurate and detailed information about the enemy's movements. This information resulted in a highly successful attack on Wuntho by our air forces.
Captain Buchanan has the distinction of being the first British Officer to carry out a close Guerilla reconnaissance on an enemy post deep in enemy occupied territory resulting in a successful air attack. It is hoped that such reconnaissances will become frequent in future operations, but the success of the first attempt was a matter of great importance and called for high qualities of vigour, imagination and courage on the part of the officer who carried it out.
Award Recommended By:
Brigadier O.C. Wingate, DSO
OPERATIONS IN BURMA - MARCH 1943
Major (T/Lt.Col.) WHEELER, Commander, 2 Burma Rifles was entrusted with preparing the way in advance of the main body of the Force. For this hazardous and vital task he was eminently suited since his knowledge of Burma and its people was unrivalled. He was thus well aware of the dangers and difficulties which columns would encounter in traversing enemy occupied territory - better indeed, than anyone in the Brigade - but he exerted himself throughout to encourage and sustain not only officers in his own unit but also those outside it.
To him was due the high standard of training achieved by his men, and throughout the operations he displayed infinite courage and daring. On several occasions leading the advance of the Brigade as he did, Wheeler with his party of 120 Riflemen, encountered and dealt with enemy patrols and during these clashes he exhibited perfect courage and coolness. The prominence of the Burma Rifles and the unqualified reliance placed on them by all the commanders throughout the campaign, is the best tribute to the personality of Lt-Colonel Wheeler and to the devotion which he inspired in all officers and men, whether British Burman or Gurkha.
(Since killed in action 04/04/1943).
Recommended By
Brigadier O.C. Wingate, DSO
Commander
77th Indian Infantry Brigade.
OPERATIONS IN BURMA - MARCH 1943
Captain Buchanan entered Burma as Adjutant of the 2nd Burma Rifles. Duties which he continued to discharge until the death in action of his Commanding Officer, Lt.Col. Wheeler, near Zibyugin, east of the Irrawaddy, when he himself took over command of the small party of Burma Rifles with him at the time, and successfully led them out via Fort Hertz.
Throughout these operations, Captain Buchanan displayed great courage and gave an example of unselfishness and indifference to personal safety that had an inspiring effect on all ranks who witnessed it. In particular, when the Brigade Group was bivouaced 12 miles north of Wuntho from the 12th to the 15th March 1943, Captain Buchanan took a small party into the enemy post at Wuntho remaining in a position immediately overlooking the town and the enemy's dispositions for a period of 36 hours. During this period he relayed messages to the Brigade H.Q. every six hours, containing accurate and detailed information about the enemy's movements. This information resulted in a highly successful attack on Wuntho by our air forces.
Captain Buchanan has the distinction of being the first British Officer to carry out a close Guerilla reconnaissance on an enemy post deep in enemy occupied territory resulting in a successful air attack. It is hoped that such reconnaissances will become frequent in future operations, but the success of the first attempt was a matter of great importance and called for high qualities of vigour, imagination and courage on the part of the officer who carried it out.
Award Recommended By:
Brigadier O.C. Wingate, DSO
The Military Cross.
Lieutenant Denis Clive Herring, not surprisingly nicknamed 'Fish' by his friends in Burma, served on both Chindit expeditions. An officer from the Royal Armoured Corps, he was attached to the 2nd Burma Rifles in 1942 and trained with the Chindits at the Saugor Camp. Herring was given a special role in 1943 by Wingate, he was to move ahead of the main Chindit Brigade and travel straight to the Kachin Hills, where he was to promote good relations with the local tribes incase the Chindits needed their help in exiting Burma that year. He was also ordered to recruit new levies from the pro-British villages in the region. For his efforts in 1943, Wingate recommended Lieutenant Herring be awarded the Military Cross.
In the second Chindit expedition in 1944, Denis Herring was given his own unit to command called Dah Force. Once again his remit was to move forward into the Kachin Hill tracts and develop the relationship he had forged with the tribal Headmen the year before.
69361 Lieutenant (temporary Captain) Denis Herring
Brigade-77th Indian Infantry Brigade
Corps-4th Corps
Unit-Royal Tank Regiment, Royal Armoured Corps, attached The Burma Rifles
Action for which recommended:
OPERATIONS IN BURMA - MARCH 1943
On March 1st 1943, Captain Herring was detached from the main body of 77th Indian Infantry Brigade, and directed with his platoon of Kachins to the Kachin Hills, with a view to ascertaining whether the Kachins could be raised and organised to fight the Japanese. Moving at great speed, Captain Herring crossed the Irrawaddy River and entered the Kachin Hills, about the middle of March. Speaking fluent Kachin, and enjoying to the full the confidence and affection of his platoon, the news of his coming rapidly spread through the hills and offers of help and assurances that the tribesmen were ready to rise as soon as he should give the word came in from all quarters. Other parties which reached the area in April all report his name as being known everywhere, and there is no doubt that as a result of his efforts two to three thousand riflemen could have been forthcoming had circumstances justified the word being given. As it is, his mission has greatly raised the spirits of the Kachins, the work has been greatly facilitated for a future date, and accurate information is in our possession of the temper of the inhabitants of an area of vital importance. His mission over, Captain Herring withdrew his party safely to Fort Hertz.
Recommended By-Brigadier O.C. Wingate, DSO
Commander 77th Indian Infantry Brigade Group
Honour or Reward-Military Cross.
Signed By-Brigadier O.C. Wingate
Commander 77th Indian Infantry Brigade
Gazetted 05.08.1943
In the second Chindit expedition in 1944, Denis Herring was given his own unit to command called Dah Force. Once again his remit was to move forward into the Kachin Hill tracts and develop the relationship he had forged with the tribal Headmen the year before.
69361 Lieutenant (temporary Captain) Denis Herring
Brigade-77th Indian Infantry Brigade
Corps-4th Corps
Unit-Royal Tank Regiment, Royal Armoured Corps, attached The Burma Rifles
Action for which recommended:
OPERATIONS IN BURMA - MARCH 1943
On March 1st 1943, Captain Herring was detached from the main body of 77th Indian Infantry Brigade, and directed with his platoon of Kachins to the Kachin Hills, with a view to ascertaining whether the Kachins could be raised and organised to fight the Japanese. Moving at great speed, Captain Herring crossed the Irrawaddy River and entered the Kachin Hills, about the middle of March. Speaking fluent Kachin, and enjoying to the full the confidence and affection of his platoon, the news of his coming rapidly spread through the hills and offers of help and assurances that the tribesmen were ready to rise as soon as he should give the word came in from all quarters. Other parties which reached the area in April all report his name as being known everywhere, and there is no doubt that as a result of his efforts two to three thousand riflemen could have been forthcoming had circumstances justified the word being given. As it is, his mission has greatly raised the spirits of the Kachins, the work has been greatly facilitated for a future date, and accurate information is in our possession of the temper of the inhabitants of an area of vital importance. His mission over, Captain Herring withdrew his party safely to Fort Hertz.
Recommended By-Brigadier O.C. Wingate, DSO
Commander 77th Indian Infantry Brigade Group
Honour or Reward-Military Cross.
Signed By-Brigadier O.C. Wingate
Commander 77th Indian Infantry Brigade
Gazetted 05.08.1943
The Burma Gallantry Medal.
Rifleman 8386 Hpau Wai La was a scout in Chindit Column 1 on Operation Longcloth. His unit, led by Major George Dunlop of the Royal Scots was part of Southern Group in 1943 and had as its main objective, to act as a decoy for Wingate's Northern Group operating slightly further to the north. Southern Group were to march more overtly in Burma, purposely announcing their presence to Burmese villages and ultimately their Japanese spies and informants.
The action for which Hpau Wai La was awarded the Burma Gallantry Medal took place barely two days into the operation.
8386 Rifleman HPAU WAI LA
Brigade-77th Indian Infantry Brigade
Corps-4th Corps
Unit-2nd Battalion, The Burma Rifles
Action for which recommended:
OPERATIONS IN BURMA - FEBURARY 1943
On 16th Feburary, 1943, near Maingyaung in Burma, this Rifleman was returning to a forward patrol which was ahead of No. 1 Column. While proceeding along a track he met a patrol of the enemy numbering about fifteen. He engaged the enemy alone killing three with his rifle. By this action he prevented No. 1 Column from being surprised by the enemy.
Recommended By-Captain G.P.Carne, 2nd Burma Rifles.
Honour or Reward-B.G.M. (Immediate)
Signed By-Brigadier O.C. Wingate
Commander 77th Indian Infantry Brigade.
Gazetted 05.08.1943.
Seen below is a map showing Southern Group's crossing point over the Chindwin River at Auktaung and the short journey to Maingyaung.
The action for which Hpau Wai La was awarded the Burma Gallantry Medal took place barely two days into the operation.
8386 Rifleman HPAU WAI LA
Brigade-77th Indian Infantry Brigade
Corps-4th Corps
Unit-2nd Battalion, The Burma Rifles
Action for which recommended:
OPERATIONS IN BURMA - FEBURARY 1943
On 16th Feburary, 1943, near Maingyaung in Burma, this Rifleman was returning to a forward patrol which was ahead of No. 1 Column. While proceeding along a track he met a patrol of the enemy numbering about fifteen. He engaged the enemy alone killing three with his rifle. By this action he prevented No. 1 Column from being surprised by the enemy.
Recommended By-Captain G.P.Carne, 2nd Burma Rifles.
Honour or Reward-B.G.M. (Immediate)
Signed By-Brigadier O.C. Wingate
Commander 77th Indian Infantry Brigade.
Gazetted 05.08.1943.
Seen below is a map showing Southern Group's crossing point over the Chindwin River at Auktaung and the short journey to Maingyaung.
Southern Group's crossing of the Chindwin at Auktaung and the short journey to Maingyaung.
The Military Cross.
George Power Carne was the officer in charge of the Guerrilla Platoon within Chindit Column 2 on Operation Longcloth. This unit was responsible for relaying pro-British propaganda to the Burmese villages it passed through during the early months of 1943. By early March of that year Carne was working ahead of the main body of Column 2 and the rest of Southern Group as they pushed further east behind enemy lines.
Column 2 were ambushed close to the railway town of Kyaikthin and suffered a complete disintegration at the hands of the Japanese on the night of the 2nd March. After attempting to search out any remnants of the disorientated column, George Carne decided to continue on with the planned operational route and headed to the pre-agreed rendezvous location at the Irrawaddy River.
For his courageous decision to continue on eastwards and for his success in bringing home his entire platoon, he was recommended for the Military Cross by his Burma Rifles commander, Lieutenant-Colonel P.C. Buchanan.
ABRO 57 Lieutenant (temporary Captain) George Power Carne
Brigade-77th Indian Infantry Brigade
Corps-4th Corps
Unit-2nd Battalion, The Burma Rifles
Action for which recommended:
On the night 2/3 March 1943, No. 2 Column was ambushed at Kyaikthin. Captain Carne, who commanded its Guerilla Platoon, was some miles ahead of the spot where the action took place. In the confusion which resulted he was unable to ascertain the fate of the force, the only party of survivors which he encountered being one weak platoon of Gurkhas. A vigorous search in the area established that the Dispersal Groups into which the column had split had made their way back to the Chindwin River, a course which Captain Carne would have been fully justified in himself pursuing.
He preferred, however, to cross the Irrawaddy with the small party at his disposal in the hopes of meeting with the main body of the Brigade; and he carried out this decision although without wireless and without any means of knowing what alterations might have been made in the Brigade plans. Although he unfortunately failed to locate and join the Brigade, he boldly led his party across the Shweli River and into the Kachin Hills returning to India after a remarkable march which was the more praiseworthy in that his men were naturally depressed by the circumstances in which it had begun. His refusal to take the obvious and easy course back to the Chindwin and his choice to embark instead on a daring journey five times as long through enemy country shows this officer to be the possessor of a soldierly instinct in a high degree.
Recommended By-Temporary Lieut-Colonel P.C.Buchanan, 2 Burma Rifles
Honour or Reward-Military Cross
Signed By-Brigadier O.C. Wingate
Commander 77th Indian Infantry Brigde.
Gazetted 16.12.1943
Seen below are the original recommendation for Captain Carne's Military Cross and a map showing the town of Kyaikthin and the direction taken by his platoon in March 1943. Please click on either image to bring it forward on the page.
Column 2 were ambushed close to the railway town of Kyaikthin and suffered a complete disintegration at the hands of the Japanese on the night of the 2nd March. After attempting to search out any remnants of the disorientated column, George Carne decided to continue on with the planned operational route and headed to the pre-agreed rendezvous location at the Irrawaddy River.
For his courageous decision to continue on eastwards and for his success in bringing home his entire platoon, he was recommended for the Military Cross by his Burma Rifles commander, Lieutenant-Colonel P.C. Buchanan.
ABRO 57 Lieutenant (temporary Captain) George Power Carne
Brigade-77th Indian Infantry Brigade
Corps-4th Corps
Unit-2nd Battalion, The Burma Rifles
Action for which recommended:
On the night 2/3 March 1943, No. 2 Column was ambushed at Kyaikthin. Captain Carne, who commanded its Guerilla Platoon, was some miles ahead of the spot where the action took place. In the confusion which resulted he was unable to ascertain the fate of the force, the only party of survivors which he encountered being one weak platoon of Gurkhas. A vigorous search in the area established that the Dispersal Groups into which the column had split had made their way back to the Chindwin River, a course which Captain Carne would have been fully justified in himself pursuing.
He preferred, however, to cross the Irrawaddy with the small party at his disposal in the hopes of meeting with the main body of the Brigade; and he carried out this decision although without wireless and without any means of knowing what alterations might have been made in the Brigade plans. Although he unfortunately failed to locate and join the Brigade, he boldly led his party across the Shweli River and into the Kachin Hills returning to India after a remarkable march which was the more praiseworthy in that his men were naturally depressed by the circumstances in which it had begun. His refusal to take the obvious and easy course back to the Chindwin and his choice to embark instead on a daring journey five times as long through enemy country shows this officer to be the possessor of a soldierly instinct in a high degree.
Recommended By-Temporary Lieut-Colonel P.C.Buchanan, 2 Burma Rifles
Honour or Reward-Military Cross
Signed By-Brigadier O.C. Wingate
Commander 77th Indian Infantry Brigde.
Gazetted 16.12.1943
Seen below are the original recommendation for Captain Carne's Military Cross and a map showing the town of Kyaikthin and the direction taken by his platoon in March 1943. Please click on either image to bring it forward on the page.
The next recommendation is for Captain John Coleridge Fraser, commander of the Burma Rifles platoon for 5 Column in 1943. Fraser had survived the hazardous retreat from Burma the year before, exiting through the treacherous Chaukan Pass. His efforts on Operation Longcloth were clearly understood by his Column Commander, Major Bernard Fergusson, who duly recommended the award of a Military Cross.
ABRO 74 Lieutenant (temporary Captain) John Coleridge Fraser
Brigade-77th Indian Infantry Brigade
Corps-4th Corps
Unit-Army Burma Reserve of Officers attached 2nd Battalion, The Burma Rifles
Action for which recommended:
Captain Fraser served as 2nd-in-Command to No. 5 Column, and as Officer Commanding the detachment of Burma Rifles with that Column. These troops excelled in all these branches of their duties, in gaining of intelligence, in foraging and in propaganda. Their success in these was due to Captain Fraser's careful and patient training, and their invariable courage in circumstances which were often trying to his personal example.
The successful crossing at Tigyaing on the Irrawaddy River on 10th March 1943, was almost entirely the work of Captain Fraser, whose bold reconnaissance, efficiency and exemplary handling of the local inhabitants resulted in a flawless operation.
During the withdrawal from Burma, Captain Fraser's experience and advice was instrumental in ensuring success on that hazardous journey. As the only Burmese speaker with the party, his work was never ceasing. His intimate knowledge of the Burmese, and the judicious mixture of tact and firmness with which he handled them, were invaluable. From them in the course of the campaign he collected much intelligence of strategic as well as immediate value.
His personal courage was of a rare standard, leading him cheerfully into situations of great danger; and his resolution, particularly in adversity, were an inspiration to all, and not least to his Column Commander.
Recommended By-Major B.E.Fergusson, DSO, The Black Watch
Column Commander-77th Indian Infantry Brigade.
Honour or Reward-Military Cross
Signed By-Brigadier O.C. Wingate
Commander 77th Indian Infantry Brigade.
Gazetted 16.12.1943.
Seen below is a photograph of Captain Fraser whilst inside Burma on Operation Longcloth and a map of the area around the village of Tigyaing on the Irrawaddy River. Please click on any image to bring it forward on the page.
ABRO 74 Lieutenant (temporary Captain) John Coleridge Fraser
Brigade-77th Indian Infantry Brigade
Corps-4th Corps
Unit-Army Burma Reserve of Officers attached 2nd Battalion, The Burma Rifles
Action for which recommended:
Captain Fraser served as 2nd-in-Command to No. 5 Column, and as Officer Commanding the detachment of Burma Rifles with that Column. These troops excelled in all these branches of their duties, in gaining of intelligence, in foraging and in propaganda. Their success in these was due to Captain Fraser's careful and patient training, and their invariable courage in circumstances which were often trying to his personal example.
The successful crossing at Tigyaing on the Irrawaddy River on 10th March 1943, was almost entirely the work of Captain Fraser, whose bold reconnaissance, efficiency and exemplary handling of the local inhabitants resulted in a flawless operation.
During the withdrawal from Burma, Captain Fraser's experience and advice was instrumental in ensuring success on that hazardous journey. As the only Burmese speaker with the party, his work was never ceasing. His intimate knowledge of the Burmese, and the judicious mixture of tact and firmness with which he handled them, were invaluable. From them in the course of the campaign he collected much intelligence of strategic as well as immediate value.
His personal courage was of a rare standard, leading him cheerfully into situations of great danger; and his resolution, particularly in adversity, were an inspiration to all, and not least to his Column Commander.
Recommended By-Major B.E.Fergusson, DSO, The Black Watch
Column Commander-77th Indian Infantry Brigade.
Honour or Reward-Military Cross
Signed By-Brigadier O.C. Wingate
Commander 77th Indian Infantry Brigade.
Gazetted 16.12.1943.
Seen below is a photograph of Captain Fraser whilst inside Burma on Operation Longcloth and a map of the area around the village of Tigyaing on the Irrawaddy River. Please click on any image to bring it forward on the page.
Lt. James Charles Bruce MC.
The next recommendation was made by Captain George Carne in recognition of the excellent work done by Lieutenant James Charles Bruce on Operation Longcloth.
189617 Lieutenant James Charles Bruce
Brigade-77th Indian Infantry Brigade
Corps-4th Corps
Unit-2nd Battalion, The Burma Rifles.
Action for which recommended:
On 28th February 1943, Lieutenant Bruce was sent forward to arrange for the crossing of the Irrawaddy River by Headquarters No.1 Group, including No.1 Column and No.2 Column. He was accompanied by one section of Burma Rifles. Reaching the Steamer Station of Tagaung, with his small force he blocked the river preventing the movement of all traffic, and held the area for four days. On the 3rd March he entered the town accompanied by only four men, disarmed the local Burma Police Force, destroyed seven rifles and kidnapped a Burman Customs Official who was a Japanese nominee.
Owing to his efficient block of the river he was able to collect a large number of river craft and great quantities of food, sufficient to feed the whole force of 1,000 men for several days. Unaware that part of the force had been ambushed at Kyaikthin and with the plan now changed, Lieutenant Bruce continued with his inadequate party to hold the area far beyond the period originally ordered. Hearing at last of the fate of the main body, he finally abandoned the position which he had so boldly held and, rejoining his Platoon Commander (George Carne), took part with him in a remarkable march across the Irrawaddy through the Kachin Hills and eventually back to India. During the whole period his courage, cheerfulness and unfailing sense of humour was a remarkable source of inspiration.
Recommended By-Captain G.P. Carne, 2nd Burma Rifles
Honour or Reward-Military Cross.
Signed By-Brigadier O.C. Wingate
Commander 77th Indian Infantry Brigade.
Gazetted 16.12.1943.
Major Bruce was awarded a bar to his Military Cross in September 1944, after his distinguished service commanding the Yorks and Lancs in Chindit Column 65. Seen below is the original paper recommendation for the award and a map of the area around Tagaung on the Irrawaddy River. Please click on any image to bring it forward on the page.
189617 Lieutenant James Charles Bruce
Brigade-77th Indian Infantry Brigade
Corps-4th Corps
Unit-2nd Battalion, The Burma Rifles.
Action for which recommended:
On 28th February 1943, Lieutenant Bruce was sent forward to arrange for the crossing of the Irrawaddy River by Headquarters No.1 Group, including No.1 Column and No.2 Column. He was accompanied by one section of Burma Rifles. Reaching the Steamer Station of Tagaung, with his small force he blocked the river preventing the movement of all traffic, and held the area for four days. On the 3rd March he entered the town accompanied by only four men, disarmed the local Burma Police Force, destroyed seven rifles and kidnapped a Burman Customs Official who was a Japanese nominee.
Owing to his efficient block of the river he was able to collect a large number of river craft and great quantities of food, sufficient to feed the whole force of 1,000 men for several days. Unaware that part of the force had been ambushed at Kyaikthin and with the plan now changed, Lieutenant Bruce continued with his inadequate party to hold the area far beyond the period originally ordered. Hearing at last of the fate of the main body, he finally abandoned the position which he had so boldly held and, rejoining his Platoon Commander (George Carne), took part with him in a remarkable march across the Irrawaddy through the Kachin Hills and eventually back to India. During the whole period his courage, cheerfulness and unfailing sense of humour was a remarkable source of inspiration.
Recommended By-Captain G.P. Carne, 2nd Burma Rifles
Honour or Reward-Military Cross.
Signed By-Brigadier O.C. Wingate
Commander 77th Indian Infantry Brigade.
Gazetted 16.12.1943.
Major Bruce was awarded a bar to his Military Cross in September 1944, after his distinguished service commanding the Yorks and Lancs in Chindit Column 65. Seen below is the original paper recommendation for the award and a map of the area around Tagaung on the Irrawaddy River. Please click on any image to bring it forward on the page.
The next two recommendations are for the award of a 'Mention in Despatches'. This is recognition of good and courageous behaviour, but when the action is regarded, just short of that to warrant a full gallantry medal. In some instances these awards come in the form of a paper certificate.
Mention in Despatches for Subedar Saw Cameron, who was part of Column 3 on Operation Loncloth commanded by Major Mike Calvert.
Subedar Saw Cameron, 2nd Burma Rifles
This man was a member of General Wingate's expedition in 1943. He was taken prisoner by the Japanese during the withdrawal to India on the 7th April. He was sent to the Maymyo Camp, but later transferred along with other POW's to Myitkhina in September 1943. There he was employed on fatigues and on the 21st October detailed with two other prisoners to carry rations for a party of the enemy moving up to Sumprabum.
Saw Cameron and the two other POW's were left with a Japanese Propaganda Unit a little way south of Sumprabum and later received orders to return to Myitkhina. During the return journey Saw Cameron discussed plans to escape with his companions and on the 12th November 1943 they took their opportunity.
Although there is nothing outstanding about his escape, Subedar Saw Cameron brought back information of military value and was undoubtedly the leader of this party. He has already been awarded the Burma Gallantry Medal for his service with the 77th Brigade and it is now considered that he should be granted a 'Mention in Despatches' along with his two companions:
1068 Jemadar Gyanbir Thapa of the 3/2 Gurkha Rifles
31334 Naik Damarbahadur Rana of the 3rd Assam Rifles.
50435 Rifleman Sana Zau La, 2nd Burma Rifles
In 1942, Sana Zau La took part in actions with No. 1 Animal Transport Company, B.A.S.C. on the Moulmein front. He accompanied Burma military personnel back to India and was posted to the 2nd Burma Rifles, joining the 77th Brigade on its deep penetration task into Burma in February 1943.
At the Shweli River, Sana Zau La became separated from the Head Quarters and was captured near Sinlumkaba, where he was made to work as an orderly and cook, to a Kachin District Officer. He was later sent to Bhamo and was offered employment by the Japanese, which he refused, but was forced to do menial work and drill.
Ten days after his arrival at Bhamo, Sana Zau La escaped, but was soon re-captured by road sentries. Thinking he would now be tortured, he attempted to commit suicide, but was prevented from doing so by a Burmese Police Sergeant. The Japanese threatened him with death and sent him on to Maymyo and later to Myitkhina.
One night when there was no sentry on duty, Sana Zau escaped for the second time, taking with him a rifle and sixty rounds of ammunition previously belonging to the sentry. After one months journeying, he finally regained Allied Lines at Putao (Fort Hertz). For his bravery in escaping twice, eventually bringing with him a Japanese rifle and ammunition, it is considered that Rifleman Sana Zau La should be awarded a Mention in Despatches.
Seen below are two maps; one of Myitkhina where Saw Cameron was held as a POW for a period in 1943, the other is of Sinlumkaba, a Kachin village near the Chinese Border, where Rifleman Sana Zau La was captured. Please click on either image to bring it forward on the page.
Mention in Despatches for Subedar Saw Cameron, who was part of Column 3 on Operation Loncloth commanded by Major Mike Calvert.
Subedar Saw Cameron, 2nd Burma Rifles
This man was a member of General Wingate's expedition in 1943. He was taken prisoner by the Japanese during the withdrawal to India on the 7th April. He was sent to the Maymyo Camp, but later transferred along with other POW's to Myitkhina in September 1943. There he was employed on fatigues and on the 21st October detailed with two other prisoners to carry rations for a party of the enemy moving up to Sumprabum.
Saw Cameron and the two other POW's were left with a Japanese Propaganda Unit a little way south of Sumprabum and later received orders to return to Myitkhina. During the return journey Saw Cameron discussed plans to escape with his companions and on the 12th November 1943 they took their opportunity.
Although there is nothing outstanding about his escape, Subedar Saw Cameron brought back information of military value and was undoubtedly the leader of this party. He has already been awarded the Burma Gallantry Medal for his service with the 77th Brigade and it is now considered that he should be granted a 'Mention in Despatches' along with his two companions:
1068 Jemadar Gyanbir Thapa of the 3/2 Gurkha Rifles
31334 Naik Damarbahadur Rana of the 3rd Assam Rifles.
50435 Rifleman Sana Zau La, 2nd Burma Rifles
In 1942, Sana Zau La took part in actions with No. 1 Animal Transport Company, B.A.S.C. on the Moulmein front. He accompanied Burma military personnel back to India and was posted to the 2nd Burma Rifles, joining the 77th Brigade on its deep penetration task into Burma in February 1943.
At the Shweli River, Sana Zau La became separated from the Head Quarters and was captured near Sinlumkaba, where he was made to work as an orderly and cook, to a Kachin District Officer. He was later sent to Bhamo and was offered employment by the Japanese, which he refused, but was forced to do menial work and drill.
Ten days after his arrival at Bhamo, Sana Zau La escaped, but was soon re-captured by road sentries. Thinking he would now be tortured, he attempted to commit suicide, but was prevented from doing so by a Burmese Police Sergeant. The Japanese threatened him with death and sent him on to Maymyo and later to Myitkhina.
One night when there was no sentry on duty, Sana Zau escaped for the second time, taking with him a rifle and sixty rounds of ammunition previously belonging to the sentry. After one months journeying, he finally regained Allied Lines at Putao (Fort Hertz). For his bravery in escaping twice, eventually bringing with him a Japanese rifle and ammunition, it is considered that Rifleman Sana Zau La should be awarded a Mention in Despatches.
Seen below are two maps; one of Myitkhina where Saw Cameron was held as a POW for a period in 1943, the other is of Sinlumkaba, a Kachin village near the Chinese Border, where Rifleman Sana Zau La was captured. Please click on either image to bring it forward on the page.
Lt. Saw Chit Kyin.
Lieutenant Saw Chit Kyin (nicknamed Chicken by his Chindit comrades) served with No. 1 Column on Operation Longcloth and came from the Karen region of Burma. The following year he was attached to the 2nd Queens Royal West Surrey's, part of the 16th British Infantry Brigade commanded by Bernard Fergusson. He is sometimes referred to as Chet-Kin on these website pages, but this in truth was only his fellow British officers phonetical attempt in the pronunciation of his name. He was the senior Burmese officer in the Burma Rifles Section for No. 1 Column in 1943, serving under Captain Malcolm Freshney.
His role during Operation Longcloth developed quickly over the weeks inside Burma, beginning with general scouting and recce duties, before becoming probably the most vital officer in the column during dispersal; critical in liaison with local villages, in the acquisition of food, in gathering information on the whereabouts of Japanese patrols and deciding upon the preferable routes back to the Chindwin. As the beleaguered remnants of his column approached the Irrawaddy at Sinhnyat in mid-April 1943, it was Saw Chit Kyin who organised the two country boats that got the men across.
The ferrying of the Chindits across the Irrawaddy was almost complete, when disastrously another enemy ambush occurred. The final few boats of the convoy were fired upon by Japanese machine guns and mortars, resulting in many casualties. It was at this time that Doctor George Lusk was last seen alive, although rumour has it that he was actually taken prisoner at the Irrawaddy and died a few days later whilst in Japanese hands. In all the chaos and confusion at the Irrawaddy, many of the men had become separated from the main body. It was reported that the other doctor present, Captain Norman Stocks had led a small group of twenty or so Gurkhas away from the western bank and headed in a southerly direction. Later on, back in India No. 1 Column commander, George Dunlop recalled:
I eventually learned the fate of some of the men; Stocks and another British Officer had gone through with the 20 Gurkhas. They had had incredible luck when they walked into Katun on the Chindwin. The Japanese took post in the perimeter of the village as they walked down the waters edge. There they found a villager who ferried them across to Yuwa. My Burma Rifles Officer Chit Kyin had passed through in early May with 250 men having forcibly gained enough boats to cross the Chindwin. His efforts were beyond the superb.
After a long period of rest and recuperation ending in July, Chit Kyin was posted across to Special Force (Chindit 2) on the 14th November 1943, joining 16 Brigade at their training camp and being placed into the Burma Rifles Section for columns 21 and 22 made up from the 2nd Queen's Royal Regiment. After the war, Saw Chit Kyin became one of the original four Brigadiers in the newly formed Burma Army, commanding the No. 1 Infantry Brigade based at that time in Meikhtila.
For his efforts on Operation Longcloth, Saw Chit Kyin was awarded the Military Cross. The award was recommended by Major George Dunlop and signed off by Brigadier Wingate.
ABRO 595 Lieutenant Saw Chit Kyin (Khin)
Brigade-77th Indian Infantry Brigade
Corps-4th Corps
Unit-Army in Burma Reserve of Officers, attached 2nd Battalion, The Burma Rifles
Action for which recommended:
This Karen officer was second in command of a Guerilla Platoon consisting of Karens like himself. In the course of operations his senior officer became separated from the Column and Lieutenant Saw Chit Kyin found himself in command of a greatly reduced platoon. For nearly 3 months he bore the whole burden of gathering information and foraging for a force of 600 men. He was completely fearless in entering villages, which in many cases proved to be occupied by Japanese, and whatever the conditions preserved an unfailing cheerfulness, which infected everyone who saw him.
Brave and resolute in action and tireless in circumstances which would have exhausted most others, it was largely due to his efforts that the column to which he was attached was able to operate for two months living solely off the country. It was also due to the intelligence which he procured that it was able to carry out a spectacular march around Mongmit without annihilation, although greatly superior forces were seeking to envelop it. This march had a profound bearing on the course of the campaign as a whole.
Recommended By-Major G.D. Dunlop, MC
Column Commander-77th Indian Infantry Brigade.
Honour or Reward-Military Cross.
Signed By-Brigadier O.C. Wingate
Commander 77th Indian Infantry Brigade
Gazetted 16.12.1943.
Seen below is a gallery of images in relation to this narrative, including the original paper recommendation for Chit Kyin's Military Cross and a list of attached personnel for 16th British Infantry Brigade in 1944. Please click on any image to bring it forward on the page.
His role during Operation Longcloth developed quickly over the weeks inside Burma, beginning with general scouting and recce duties, before becoming probably the most vital officer in the column during dispersal; critical in liaison with local villages, in the acquisition of food, in gathering information on the whereabouts of Japanese patrols and deciding upon the preferable routes back to the Chindwin. As the beleaguered remnants of his column approached the Irrawaddy at Sinhnyat in mid-April 1943, it was Saw Chit Kyin who organised the two country boats that got the men across.
The ferrying of the Chindits across the Irrawaddy was almost complete, when disastrously another enemy ambush occurred. The final few boats of the convoy were fired upon by Japanese machine guns and mortars, resulting in many casualties. It was at this time that Doctor George Lusk was last seen alive, although rumour has it that he was actually taken prisoner at the Irrawaddy and died a few days later whilst in Japanese hands. In all the chaos and confusion at the Irrawaddy, many of the men had become separated from the main body. It was reported that the other doctor present, Captain Norman Stocks had led a small group of twenty or so Gurkhas away from the western bank and headed in a southerly direction. Later on, back in India No. 1 Column commander, George Dunlop recalled:
I eventually learned the fate of some of the men; Stocks and another British Officer had gone through with the 20 Gurkhas. They had had incredible luck when they walked into Katun on the Chindwin. The Japanese took post in the perimeter of the village as they walked down the waters edge. There they found a villager who ferried them across to Yuwa. My Burma Rifles Officer Chit Kyin had passed through in early May with 250 men having forcibly gained enough boats to cross the Chindwin. His efforts were beyond the superb.
After a long period of rest and recuperation ending in July, Chit Kyin was posted across to Special Force (Chindit 2) on the 14th November 1943, joining 16 Brigade at their training camp and being placed into the Burma Rifles Section for columns 21 and 22 made up from the 2nd Queen's Royal Regiment. After the war, Saw Chit Kyin became one of the original four Brigadiers in the newly formed Burma Army, commanding the No. 1 Infantry Brigade based at that time in Meikhtila.
For his efforts on Operation Longcloth, Saw Chit Kyin was awarded the Military Cross. The award was recommended by Major George Dunlop and signed off by Brigadier Wingate.
ABRO 595 Lieutenant Saw Chit Kyin (Khin)
Brigade-77th Indian Infantry Brigade
Corps-4th Corps
Unit-Army in Burma Reserve of Officers, attached 2nd Battalion, The Burma Rifles
Action for which recommended:
This Karen officer was second in command of a Guerilla Platoon consisting of Karens like himself. In the course of operations his senior officer became separated from the Column and Lieutenant Saw Chit Kyin found himself in command of a greatly reduced platoon. For nearly 3 months he bore the whole burden of gathering information and foraging for a force of 600 men. He was completely fearless in entering villages, which in many cases proved to be occupied by Japanese, and whatever the conditions preserved an unfailing cheerfulness, which infected everyone who saw him.
Brave and resolute in action and tireless in circumstances which would have exhausted most others, it was largely due to his efforts that the column to which he was attached was able to operate for two months living solely off the country. It was also due to the intelligence which he procured that it was able to carry out a spectacular march around Mongmit without annihilation, although greatly superior forces were seeking to envelop it. This march had a profound bearing on the course of the campaign as a whole.
Recommended By-Major G.D. Dunlop, MC
Column Commander-77th Indian Infantry Brigade.
Honour or Reward-Military Cross.
Signed By-Brigadier O.C. Wingate
Commander 77th Indian Infantry Brigade
Gazetted 16.12.1943.
Seen below is a gallery of images in relation to this narrative, including the original paper recommendation for Chit Kyin's Military Cross and a list of attached personnel for 16th British Infantry Brigade in 1944. Please click on any image to bring it forward on the page.
In 1943 Lieutenant George Astell had served with distinction. Although originally attached to 7 Column, he had moved freely around the various other units in Northern Group, assisting where he could with reconnaissance and scouting duties. His high level of performance and expertise on Operation Longcloth led to his immediate promotion through the ranks and the command of Chindit Columns 45 and 54 in 1944. These two columns were part of the 16th British Infantry Brigade which was led by Bernard Fergusson and were made up from men of the 45th Reconnaissance Regiment, fighting as infantry in this instance. As in 1943, Astell was given a free reign and Columns 45 and 54 were used as floating patrols, seeking out and destroying enemy positions.
16th Brigade had been the only Chindit unit to march into Burma in 1944 and had a very tough time in doing so. This makes it all the more remarkable that Major Astell and his men had managed to reach the outskirts of the famous Chindit stronghold of 'White City' by the third week of April. It was for the engagement that ensued at 'White City' and his actions in commanding his forces during the fighting, that George Astell was awarded the Military Cross.
189598 Captain (temporary Major) George Henry Astell
Brigade-16th British Infantry
Division-3rd Indian.
Unit-The Burma Rifles
Date of Recommendation-25th June 1944.
Action for which recommended:
On 18th April 1944, two Columns under Major Astell, which had been taking part in heavy fighting during the previous three weeks, were moving towards a British block which had been established astride a road and railway at Henu in Burma.
At 0630 hours, the leading troops had reached the broad stream bed of the Mawlu Chaung, when heavy fire was opened from the far side. Fighting developed on all sides, the enemy proved to be for the most part in dug-in positions. It became apparent that the route of the columns had taken them right between two strongly defended localities, which the enemy was holding in great strength with heavy and medium machine guns and mortars. The ensuing action, which was exceedingly hard-fought, continued for over four hours, when Major Astell received orders to disengage and continue his march by another route. This disengagement was hotly opposed by the enemy, who were by this time all around the columns; but with great skill Major Astell succeeded in withdrawing the greater part of his wounded.
Although in this action he lost twenty percent of his strength, the number of Japanese killed is known to have been more than twice his own losses, and is believed to be much higher still. Although twelve out of fourteen mules were killed, all mortars and machine guns were successfully manhandled out of the battle, and carried many miles. The whole action was fought with great determination by all ranks, and reflected as much credit on them as if it had been crowned with success. The personal conduct of Major Astell throughout was magnificent. He exposed himself fearlessly where the fire was hottest, his exemplary courage and demeanour inspired his troops to great deeds, and won their admiration for ever.
Recommended by-Brigadier B.E. Fergusson DSO.
Commanding 16th Infantry Brigade.
Honour or Reward-Military Cross
Signed By-Major General W.D.A. Lentaigne
Commander 3rd Indian Division
Gazetted 02.01.1945
Seen below is a photograph of Lieutenant Astell talking to Brigadier Wingate just before the beginning of Operation Longcloth in February 1943 and a map of the locality around the 'White City' block in 1944. Please click on either image to bring it forward on the page.
16th Brigade had been the only Chindit unit to march into Burma in 1944 and had a very tough time in doing so. This makes it all the more remarkable that Major Astell and his men had managed to reach the outskirts of the famous Chindit stronghold of 'White City' by the third week of April. It was for the engagement that ensued at 'White City' and his actions in commanding his forces during the fighting, that George Astell was awarded the Military Cross.
189598 Captain (temporary Major) George Henry Astell
Brigade-16th British Infantry
Division-3rd Indian.
Unit-The Burma Rifles
Date of Recommendation-25th June 1944.
Action for which recommended:
On 18th April 1944, two Columns under Major Astell, which had been taking part in heavy fighting during the previous three weeks, were moving towards a British block which had been established astride a road and railway at Henu in Burma.
At 0630 hours, the leading troops had reached the broad stream bed of the Mawlu Chaung, when heavy fire was opened from the far side. Fighting developed on all sides, the enemy proved to be for the most part in dug-in positions. It became apparent that the route of the columns had taken them right between two strongly defended localities, which the enemy was holding in great strength with heavy and medium machine guns and mortars. The ensuing action, which was exceedingly hard-fought, continued for over four hours, when Major Astell received orders to disengage and continue his march by another route. This disengagement was hotly opposed by the enemy, who were by this time all around the columns; but with great skill Major Astell succeeded in withdrawing the greater part of his wounded.
Although in this action he lost twenty percent of his strength, the number of Japanese killed is known to have been more than twice his own losses, and is believed to be much higher still. Although twelve out of fourteen mules were killed, all mortars and machine guns were successfully manhandled out of the battle, and carried many miles. The whole action was fought with great determination by all ranks, and reflected as much credit on them as if it had been crowned with success. The personal conduct of Major Astell throughout was magnificent. He exposed himself fearlessly where the fire was hottest, his exemplary courage and demeanour inspired his troops to great deeds, and won their admiration for ever.
Recommended by-Brigadier B.E. Fergusson DSO.
Commanding 16th Infantry Brigade.
Honour or Reward-Military Cross
Signed By-Major General W.D.A. Lentaigne
Commander 3rd Indian Division
Gazetted 02.01.1945
Seen below is a photograph of Lieutenant Astell talking to Brigadier Wingate just before the beginning of Operation Longcloth in February 1943 and a map of the locality around the 'White City' block in 1944. Please click on either image to bring it forward on the page.
ABRO 83 Lieutenant (temporary Captain) William Douglas Griffiths
Taffy Griffiths was part of the Burma Rifles platoon for Chindit Column 3 on Operation Longcloth in 1943. His commanding officer, Major Mike Calvert could not speak more highly about his Reconnaissance officer and the work he achieved in Burma that year. For his efforts, Calvert recommended Griffiths be awarded the Military Cross.
Brigade-77th Indian Infantry Brigade.
Corps-4th Corps
Unit-Army in Burma Reserve of Officers attached, 2nd Battalion, The Burma Rifles
Action for which recommended:
On 6th March 43, at Nankan railway station, this officer was left with a small party consisting of one section of Gurkhas and a few Burma Riflemen to guard a track which afterwards proved to be the main Indaw Road, while the Column carried out demolitions on the railway. Two lorry loads of enemy troops arrived and were successfully ambushed. Captain Griffiths continued to fight the enemy for two hours while the demolition work continued, until the enemy was reinforced, when he eventually withdrew without casualties, having destroyed three Japanese lorries and counted fourteen enemy corpses.
Throughout the campaign this officer showed great coolness and soundness of judgement. Thanks to his foresight and his capable leadership, the platoon of Burma Rifles under his command furnished completely reliable information of the enemy, and enabled his Column to move through enemy country unmolested save on one occasion. His handling of his men in action was excellent.
Recommended By-Major J.M.Calvert, R.E.
Column Commander-77th Indian Infantry Brigade.
Honour or Reward-Military Cross.
Signed By-Brigadier O.C. Wingate
Commander 77th Indian Infantry Brigade
Gazetted 16.12.1943.
Seen below is a map sketch of Nankan village and the different positions taken up by the forces of Chindit Column 3 on the 6th March 1943. Also shown is the original paper recommendation for Captain Griffiths Military Cross. Please click on either image to bring it forward on the page.
Brigade-77th Indian Infantry Brigade.
Corps-4th Corps
Unit-Army in Burma Reserve of Officers attached, 2nd Battalion, The Burma Rifles
Action for which recommended:
On 6th March 43, at Nankan railway station, this officer was left with a small party consisting of one section of Gurkhas and a few Burma Riflemen to guard a track which afterwards proved to be the main Indaw Road, while the Column carried out demolitions on the railway. Two lorry loads of enemy troops arrived and were successfully ambushed. Captain Griffiths continued to fight the enemy for two hours while the demolition work continued, until the enemy was reinforced, when he eventually withdrew without casualties, having destroyed three Japanese lorries and counted fourteen enemy corpses.
Throughout the campaign this officer showed great coolness and soundness of judgement. Thanks to his foresight and his capable leadership, the platoon of Burma Rifles under his command furnished completely reliable information of the enemy, and enabled his Column to move through enemy country unmolested save on one occasion. His handling of his men in action was excellent.
Recommended By-Major J.M.Calvert, R.E.
Column Commander-77th Indian Infantry Brigade.
Honour or Reward-Military Cross.
Signed By-Brigadier O.C. Wingate
Commander 77th Indian Infantry Brigade
Gazetted 16.12.1943.
Seen below is a map sketch of Nankan village and the different positions taken up by the forces of Chindit Column 3 on the 6th March 1943. Also shown is the original paper recommendation for Captain Griffiths Military Cross. Please click on either image to bring it forward on the page.
Although his column placement cannot be confirmed, it is likely that Jemadar Godwiller took part in the first Chindit expedition in 1943. This Burma Rifles officer was heading back into Burma in 1944 aboard one of the American Airforce Waco Gliders, when the Dakota plane towing his craft had to abort the flight and released the stricken glider short of the intended landing area. After landing, Jemadar Godwiller led the party aboard the glider across enemy territory and rejoined his column and continued on with the operation.
For his effort, Godwiller was awarded the Military Cross:
50230 Jemadar Godwiller
Brigade-77th Indian Infantry Brigade
Division-3rd Indian.
Unit-2nd Battalion, The Burma Rifles
Date of Recommendation-24th March 1944.
Action for which recommended:
Jemadar Godwiller was one of a party of 20 which was transported into Burma by glider on the night of 5th March, 1944.
The glider in which he was travelling was jettisoned over enemy territory and landed on a sandbank on the East bank of of the Irrawaddy some fifty miles short of its destination. Firing and shouting at once broke out from the opposite bank, and boats were heard crossing the river. No one in the party was able to pin point the location but with characteristic devotion to duty, Jemadar Godwiller undertook to guide the party to its destination. Although he knew that the enemy had heard the glider land, and were now combing the area, the following day he took it upon himself to be the first to enter a village. Here he learned the exact location of the party, and ascertained that the enemy were actively patrolling the whole area.
Undaunted, and with unerring skill, the Jemadar guided the party for a further three days through enemy infested territory. The going through swamp and thick jungle was undoubtedly fatiguing, but his cheerfulness never failed to predominate, and by his example and determination he inspired the whole party. When one of his men fell sick with fever, he carried his pack and encouraged him to continue.
Failing in his first attempt to cross the party over the Irrawaddy on rafts, he entered a village and obtained boats, and himself rowed one boat over the whole stretch of the river. Although enemy footprints were seen in the area, he continued to enter villages and so obtained vital information and supplies for his party. Finally, after nine days, the party reached its destination and rejoined its column.
This officer, who also served in the first Burma campaign and in the Wingate expedition of 1943, has shown courage, initiative and determination of a very high order. He is therefore recommended for the award of the Military Cross.
Recommended By-Major General O.C. Wingate
Honour or Reward-Military Cross
Signed By-Major General W.D.A. Lentaigne
Commander 3rd Indian Division.
Gazetted 27th July 1944.
Update 19/01/2018.
Thanks to fellow researcher, Steve Rothwell, more information has come to light in regards the post WW2 career of Jemadar Saw Godwiller. Please click on the following link to read more: ayemyd.blogspot.co.uk/2009/05/chronology-of-lt-col-saw-godwiller-mc.html
For his effort, Godwiller was awarded the Military Cross:
50230 Jemadar Godwiller
Brigade-77th Indian Infantry Brigade
Division-3rd Indian.
Unit-2nd Battalion, The Burma Rifles
Date of Recommendation-24th March 1944.
Action for which recommended:
Jemadar Godwiller was one of a party of 20 which was transported into Burma by glider on the night of 5th March, 1944.
The glider in which he was travelling was jettisoned over enemy territory and landed on a sandbank on the East bank of of the Irrawaddy some fifty miles short of its destination. Firing and shouting at once broke out from the opposite bank, and boats were heard crossing the river. No one in the party was able to pin point the location but with characteristic devotion to duty, Jemadar Godwiller undertook to guide the party to its destination. Although he knew that the enemy had heard the glider land, and were now combing the area, the following day he took it upon himself to be the first to enter a village. Here he learned the exact location of the party, and ascertained that the enemy were actively patrolling the whole area.
Undaunted, and with unerring skill, the Jemadar guided the party for a further three days through enemy infested territory. The going through swamp and thick jungle was undoubtedly fatiguing, but his cheerfulness never failed to predominate, and by his example and determination he inspired the whole party. When one of his men fell sick with fever, he carried his pack and encouraged him to continue.
Failing in his first attempt to cross the party over the Irrawaddy on rafts, he entered a village and obtained boats, and himself rowed one boat over the whole stretch of the river. Although enemy footprints were seen in the area, he continued to enter villages and so obtained vital information and supplies for his party. Finally, after nine days, the party reached its destination and rejoined its column.
This officer, who also served in the first Burma campaign and in the Wingate expedition of 1943, has shown courage, initiative and determination of a very high order. He is therefore recommended for the award of the Military Cross.
Recommended By-Major General O.C. Wingate
Honour or Reward-Military Cross
Signed By-Major General W.D.A. Lentaigne
Commander 3rd Indian Division.
Gazetted 27th July 1944.
Update 19/01/2018.
Thanks to fellow researcher, Steve Rothwell, more information has come to light in regards the post WW2 career of Jemadar Saw Godwiller. Please click on the following link to read more: ayemyd.blogspot.co.uk/2009/05/chronology-of-lt-col-saw-godwiller-mc.html
An example of a WACO GA-4A glider, as used by 1st Air Commando on Operation Thursday in 1944.
The Military Cross.
8101 Lieutenant William Daire Hardless
Brigade-111 Indian Infantry.
Division-3rd Indian.
Unit-2nd Burma Rifles (Royal Indian Army Service Corps).
Date of Recommendation-12th July 1944
Action for which recommended:
Lieutenant William D. Hardless, Burma Rifles, attached 93 Column (3/9 Gurkha Rifles), has carried out innumerable patrols in contact with the enemy with great skill and coolness and untiring energy. At 'Blackpool' block he personally killed four enemy whilst covering the withdrawal of a patrol from a village across the air strip. At Lakhren he was the first to contact the 66th Chinese Regiment at Hkohka with considerable parties of the enemy in between us and them. His reports of tracks and enemy in a very difficult bit of country were instrumental in preventing any southward movement of the enemy.
On his return from Hkohka he decide to come back by a different track along with two unarmed Kachins. On the way he was attacked at close quarters by three Japanese. The first he shot direct with his carbine after parrying a sword cut with his pistol butt. He then shot the second man who was preparing to throw a grenade. The third man ran away, but Lieutenant Hardless got him too with a fine running shot. He then continued on his way unharmed to deliver a most useful report. He is very strongly recommended for the award of the M.C.
Recommended By-Lt.Col. A.F. Harper
Commander 93 Column.
Honour or Reward-Immediate Military Cross.
Signed-Lieut-Col. J. Masters
Commander 111th Brigade.
Gazetted 16the November 1944.
Seen below is a map showing the area around the villages of Lakhren and Hkohka and the direction of the Chindit stronghold named Blackpool.
Brigade-111 Indian Infantry.
Division-3rd Indian.
Unit-2nd Burma Rifles (Royal Indian Army Service Corps).
Date of Recommendation-12th July 1944
Action for which recommended:
Lieutenant William D. Hardless, Burma Rifles, attached 93 Column (3/9 Gurkha Rifles), has carried out innumerable patrols in contact with the enemy with great skill and coolness and untiring energy. At 'Blackpool' block he personally killed four enemy whilst covering the withdrawal of a patrol from a village across the air strip. At Lakhren he was the first to contact the 66th Chinese Regiment at Hkohka with considerable parties of the enemy in between us and them. His reports of tracks and enemy in a very difficult bit of country were instrumental in preventing any southward movement of the enemy.
On his return from Hkohka he decide to come back by a different track along with two unarmed Kachins. On the way he was attacked at close quarters by three Japanese. The first he shot direct with his carbine after parrying a sword cut with his pistol butt. He then shot the second man who was preparing to throw a grenade. The third man ran away, but Lieutenant Hardless got him too with a fine running shot. He then continued on his way unharmed to deliver a most useful report. He is very strongly recommended for the award of the M.C.
Recommended By-Lt.Col. A.F. Harper
Commander 93 Column.
Honour or Reward-Immediate Military Cross.
Signed-Lieut-Col. J. Masters
Commander 111th Brigade.
Gazetted 16the November 1944.
Seen below is a map showing the area around the villages of Lakhren and Hkohka and the direction of the Chindit stronghold named Blackpool.
The Northern evacuation route from Blackpool Block, as patrolled by Lieutenant Hardless.
Captain Francis Bertram Newbould.
87917 Captain Francis Bertram Newbould
Brigade-14th British Infantry
Division-3rd Indian.
Unit-1st Northamptonshire Yeomanry attached 2nd Bn. Burma Rifles.
Date of Recommendation-31st August 1944.
Action for which recommended:
On the evening of 16th April 1944, Captain Newbould was sent forward to issue orders to the commander of a forward Block (possibly Aberdeen) on the railway east of Tatlwin. Whilst he was at the Block it was attacked by a Japanese Company and dispersal eventually became necessary. Captain Newbould led back one of the parties to Tatlwin and then, having chosen eight men, returned towards the Block to cover the withdrawal of the remainder of the garrison.
At this stage a Japanese Platoon came up, moving east along the Tatlwin - Meza Road with the obvious intention of cutting off the remaining garrison of the Block. Although heavily outnumbered, Captain Newbould engaged this platoon. There ensued a running fight throughout the night and early morning, during which Newbould's party was completely surrounded. It is estimated that Captain Newbould inflicted twenty-five casualties for the loss of just two killed, he himself killing three of the enemy. Throughout the action Captain Newbould displayed outstanding leadership, determination and resource.
By this action he greatly assisted in the withdrawal of the garrison of the Block, and it is likely that he was responsible for a supply drop in this area being completed without disturbance. Throughout the campaign Captain Newbould afforded invaluable service. His handling of long distance patrols was first class and the information he obtained, full and accurate. His energy and determination were an example to all ranks. In spite of bad health he refused to give in, until literally on the point of death. When, much against his will, he was left at Indawgyi Lake for evacuation, he eventually succeeded in persuading the doctors he was fit and rejoined his column (47 Column).
Immediately on return to the column he led a raiding party of two platoons from a nearby chaung down to the railway. In spite of the fact that previously two attempts had been made but abandoned owing to the exceptionally steep, thick and slippery country, he succeeded in leading his party along a precipitous razor back ridge to within 200 yards of his target. Here the going proved impossible, even to the most determined of men, and after laying up and obtaining valuable information, he was forced to return.
Then eventually he became too ill to take active part in operations but still carried out long and painstaking interrogations of villagers, and obtained much information. Furthermore, through his excellent handling of these villagers, he was largely responsible for the successful evacuation of a large casualty train of sick and wound men.
Recommended By-Lt-Colonel F. R. Wilford
Commanding 7th Battalion The Leicestershire Regiment.
Honour or Reward-Military Cross.
Signed By-Major General W.D.A. Lentaigne
Commander Special Force
Gazetted 26.04.1945.
Seem below are two maps in relation to Captain Newbould's story, one for the area around the village of Tatlwin, the other for Indawgyi Lake, where many casualties from Operation Thursday were flown out of Burma aboard Sunderland Flying Boats. Please click on either map to bring it forward on the page.
For more information on the exploits of the 7th Battalion, the Leicestershire Regiment and their contribution to the second Chindit Operation in 1944, please click on the following link: http://www.hglambert.co.uk/index.htm
Brigade-14th British Infantry
Division-3rd Indian.
Unit-1st Northamptonshire Yeomanry attached 2nd Bn. Burma Rifles.
Date of Recommendation-31st August 1944.
Action for which recommended:
On the evening of 16th April 1944, Captain Newbould was sent forward to issue orders to the commander of a forward Block (possibly Aberdeen) on the railway east of Tatlwin. Whilst he was at the Block it was attacked by a Japanese Company and dispersal eventually became necessary. Captain Newbould led back one of the parties to Tatlwin and then, having chosen eight men, returned towards the Block to cover the withdrawal of the remainder of the garrison.
At this stage a Japanese Platoon came up, moving east along the Tatlwin - Meza Road with the obvious intention of cutting off the remaining garrison of the Block. Although heavily outnumbered, Captain Newbould engaged this platoon. There ensued a running fight throughout the night and early morning, during which Newbould's party was completely surrounded. It is estimated that Captain Newbould inflicted twenty-five casualties for the loss of just two killed, he himself killing three of the enemy. Throughout the action Captain Newbould displayed outstanding leadership, determination and resource.
By this action he greatly assisted in the withdrawal of the garrison of the Block, and it is likely that he was responsible for a supply drop in this area being completed without disturbance. Throughout the campaign Captain Newbould afforded invaluable service. His handling of long distance patrols was first class and the information he obtained, full and accurate. His energy and determination were an example to all ranks. In spite of bad health he refused to give in, until literally on the point of death. When, much against his will, he was left at Indawgyi Lake for evacuation, he eventually succeeded in persuading the doctors he was fit and rejoined his column (47 Column).
Immediately on return to the column he led a raiding party of two platoons from a nearby chaung down to the railway. In spite of the fact that previously two attempts had been made but abandoned owing to the exceptionally steep, thick and slippery country, he succeeded in leading his party along a precipitous razor back ridge to within 200 yards of his target. Here the going proved impossible, even to the most determined of men, and after laying up and obtaining valuable information, he was forced to return.
Then eventually he became too ill to take active part in operations but still carried out long and painstaking interrogations of villagers, and obtained much information. Furthermore, through his excellent handling of these villagers, he was largely responsible for the successful evacuation of a large casualty train of sick and wound men.
Recommended By-Lt-Colonel F. R. Wilford
Commanding 7th Battalion The Leicestershire Regiment.
Honour or Reward-Military Cross.
Signed By-Major General W.D.A. Lentaigne
Commander Special Force
Gazetted 26.04.1945.
Seem below are two maps in relation to Captain Newbould's story, one for the area around the village of Tatlwin, the other for Indawgyi Lake, where many casualties from Operation Thursday were flown out of Burma aboard Sunderland Flying Boats. Please click on either map to bring it forward on the page.
For more information on the exploits of the 7th Battalion, the Leicestershire Regiment and their contribution to the second Chindit Operation in 1944, please click on the following link: http://www.hglambert.co.uk/index.htm
The Military Cross.
50093 Subadar La Bang La
Brigade-Dah Force
Division-3rd Indian
Unit-The Burma Rifles, attached Dah Force
Date of Recommendation-14th July 1944
Action for which recommended:
Subadar La Bang La also took part in the Burma Campaigns of 1941-1942 and 1943. (There is anecdotal evidence that he served in Chindit Column 1 on Operation Longcloth).
On approximately May 2nd 1944 La Bang La was ordered to take a section of 15 freshly recruited Levies to set up an ambush of the Bhamo-Myitkhina Road and to remain there until a suitable target appeared. He held his position for 36 hours allowing several small parties of enemy to pass unmolested. Finally on the evening of approximately May 4th a strong party of marching enemy accompanied by two slow-moving lorries entered his ambush position.
Subadar La Bang La gave the order to open fire. As a result of this ambush between 50 and 60 enemy were killed and many more injured. The two lorries were destroyed. The Subadar withdrew his section when the enemy counter-attacked. Throughout the operations in the Kachin Hills his conduct was exemplary and he showed great aptitude for leadership.
Recommended by-Lt.Col. D.C. Herring
Commander of Dah Force.
Honour or Reward-Military Cross
Signed By-Major General W.D.A. Lentaigne
Commander, 3rd Indian Division.
Gazetted 02/01/1945.
Brigade-Dah Force
Division-3rd Indian
Unit-The Burma Rifles, attached Dah Force
Date of Recommendation-14th July 1944
Action for which recommended:
Subadar La Bang La also took part in the Burma Campaigns of 1941-1942 and 1943. (There is anecdotal evidence that he served in Chindit Column 1 on Operation Longcloth).
On approximately May 2nd 1944 La Bang La was ordered to take a section of 15 freshly recruited Levies to set up an ambush of the Bhamo-Myitkhina Road and to remain there until a suitable target appeared. He held his position for 36 hours allowing several small parties of enemy to pass unmolested. Finally on the evening of approximately May 4th a strong party of marching enemy accompanied by two slow-moving lorries entered his ambush position.
Subadar La Bang La gave the order to open fire. As a result of this ambush between 50 and 60 enemy were killed and many more injured. The two lorries were destroyed. The Subadar withdrew his section when the enemy counter-attacked. Throughout the operations in the Kachin Hills his conduct was exemplary and he showed great aptitude for leadership.
Recommended by-Lt.Col. D.C. Herring
Commander of Dah Force.
Honour or Reward-Military Cross
Signed By-Major General W.D.A. Lentaigne
Commander, 3rd Indian Division.
Gazetted 02/01/1945.
The Military Cross.
50021 Subadar Saw Min Maung
Brigade-111th Indian Infantry
Division-3rd Indian.
Unit-2nd Bn The Burma Rifles
Date of Recommendation-8th August 1944.
Action for which recommended:
For inspiring leadership and devotion to duty completely regardless of personal safety. On 28th April at Loinawk, after a night battle with the Japanese, ten men were reported lost and missing, but possibly still alive. Min Maung immediately volunteered to return single handed to the now Japanese occupied village. This he did and in spite of active Japanese patrols succeeded in collecting five men and indisputable proof that the remainder had been killed. He was forced to fight his way out, this he did by engaging the enemy with one companion whilst the remainder evacuated another wounded man.
This heroic performance was a great inspiration to all ranks and typical of this officer's conduct throughout.
Honour or Reward-Military Cross
Signed By-Major General W.D.A. Lentaigne
Commander, Special Force.
Gazetted 02/01/1945.
Brigade-111th Indian Infantry
Division-3rd Indian.
Unit-2nd Bn The Burma Rifles
Date of Recommendation-8th August 1944.
Action for which recommended:
For inspiring leadership and devotion to duty completely regardless of personal safety. On 28th April at Loinawk, after a night battle with the Japanese, ten men were reported lost and missing, but possibly still alive. Min Maung immediately volunteered to return single handed to the now Japanese occupied village. This he did and in spite of active Japanese patrols succeeded in collecting five men and indisputable proof that the remainder had been killed. He was forced to fight his way out, this he did by engaging the enemy with one companion whilst the remainder evacuated another wounded man.
This heroic performance was a great inspiration to all ranks and typical of this officer's conduct throughout.
Honour or Reward-Military Cross
Signed By-Major General W.D.A. Lentaigne
Commander, Special Force.
Gazetted 02/01/1945.
John Hla Shein.
Jemadar John Hla Shein was in charge of the mostly Karen, Burma Rifles section in the 45th Reconnaissance Regiment (RAC) Head Quarters. Led by Colonel Dick Cumberledge the 45 Recce made up the numbers for Chindit Columns 45 and 54 in Bernard Fergusson's 16th British Infantry Brigade on Operation Thursday.
After Cumberledge was wounded and flown out to India, John Hla Shein took over the command of the unit. After the war Hla Shein was promoted to the rank of Major in the newly formed Burmese Army. However, his previous connections with the British resulted in him being arrested by the ruling Junta and at one point he and several other prominent Karen soldiers were actually sentenced to death. These sentences were later commuted to life in prison. John Hla Shein emigrated to Australia in 1972.
50254 Jemadar John Hla Shein
Brigade-16th British Infantry
Division-3rd Indian.
Unit-2nd Burma Rifles, attached 45th Reconnaissance Regiment.
Date of recommendation-28th May 1944.
Action for which recommended:
Jemadar John Hla Shein commanded the Karen section of the Reconnaissance Troop in his Chindit Column. During the fighting near Thetkegyin on the 26/27th March, the column was in dire straits through lack of water. Jemadar John Hla Shein carried out a series of daring reconnaissances in jungle swarming with the enemy and led the column to the water which they had lacked for over two days.
Although coming under fire, his coolness, cheerfulness and courage were an inspiration to all who saw him. Later, with his British Officer being wounded, he took command of the whole troop, including thirty British; and led them for the rest of the campaign.
He distinguished himself, especially during the fierce fighting at Henu Chaung on the 18th April 1944, when British and Karens alike were inspired afresh by his dauntless display of fearlessness.
Honour or Reward-Military Cross.
Recommended by Lt-Col. C.R.T. Cumberledge
Gazetted 26.04.1945.
After Cumberledge was wounded and flown out to India, John Hla Shein took over the command of the unit. After the war Hla Shein was promoted to the rank of Major in the newly formed Burmese Army. However, his previous connections with the British resulted in him being arrested by the ruling Junta and at one point he and several other prominent Karen soldiers were actually sentenced to death. These sentences were later commuted to life in prison. John Hla Shein emigrated to Australia in 1972.
50254 Jemadar John Hla Shein
Brigade-16th British Infantry
Division-3rd Indian.
Unit-2nd Burma Rifles, attached 45th Reconnaissance Regiment.
Date of recommendation-28th May 1944.
Action for which recommended:
Jemadar John Hla Shein commanded the Karen section of the Reconnaissance Troop in his Chindit Column. During the fighting near Thetkegyin on the 26/27th March, the column was in dire straits through lack of water. Jemadar John Hla Shein carried out a series of daring reconnaissances in jungle swarming with the enemy and led the column to the water which they had lacked for over two days.
Although coming under fire, his coolness, cheerfulness and courage were an inspiration to all who saw him. Later, with his British Officer being wounded, he took command of the whole troop, including thirty British; and led them for the rest of the campaign.
He distinguished himself, especially during the fierce fighting at Henu Chaung on the 18th April 1944, when British and Karens alike were inspired afresh by his dauntless display of fearlessness.
Honour or Reward-Military Cross.
Recommended by Lt-Col. C.R.T. Cumberledge
Gazetted 26.04.1945.
Another Burma Rifles officer rumoured to have served on the first Chindit operation was Subedar Khawma, a Chin from the Lushai Hills of Assam. In 1944 Khawma was posted to the 111th Indian Infantry Brigade and attached to one of the 3/9 Gurkha Rifle Columns. For his efforts during Operation Thursday he was awarded the Military Cross.
50038 Subedar Khawma
Brigade-111th Indian Infantry.
Division-3rd Indian.
Unit-2nd Burma Rifles, attached 3/9 Gurkha Rifles.
Date of recommendation-7th August 1944.
Action for which recommended:
During three months of operations, Subedar Khawma carried out a phenomenal total of 50 to 60 recces. Many of these were dangerous, but Khawma could always be relied upon to ignore the danger and persevere until he obtained the information required by his Commander.
On many occasions and although the patrols were purely for reconnaissance purposes, he engaged the enemy, displaying outstanding leadership and bravery. On one such occasion he was with a patrol of five men which attacked a Japanese mounted machine gun post. The Japanese withdrew, leaving behind their automatic weapon, three rifles, food and an ammunition dump.
In addition to the above, Subedar Khawma was put in charge of a small Burrif section operating with a Gurkha Company generally under its own devices. He organised a most efficient local intelligence system, which was of considerable assistance to his Company Commander. To supplement this, when in Kachin territory, he recruited a few Levies who were invaluable as guides and who were used to ascertain enemy dispositions and movements.
Recommended by-Major J.A.E. MacPherson-2nd Burma Rifles.
Signed by-Major-General W.D.A. Lentaigne
Commander Special Force.
Gazetted 26.04.1945.
Seen below are images of Subedar Khawma's original recommendation and a copy of the London Gazette listing for his and some of the other Military Cross awards for the Burma Rifles on Operation Thursday. Please click on any image to bring it forward on the page.
50038 Subedar Khawma
Brigade-111th Indian Infantry.
Division-3rd Indian.
Unit-2nd Burma Rifles, attached 3/9 Gurkha Rifles.
Date of recommendation-7th August 1944.
Action for which recommended:
During three months of operations, Subedar Khawma carried out a phenomenal total of 50 to 60 recces. Many of these were dangerous, but Khawma could always be relied upon to ignore the danger and persevere until he obtained the information required by his Commander.
On many occasions and although the patrols were purely for reconnaissance purposes, he engaged the enemy, displaying outstanding leadership and bravery. On one such occasion he was with a patrol of five men which attacked a Japanese mounted machine gun post. The Japanese withdrew, leaving behind their automatic weapon, three rifles, food and an ammunition dump.
In addition to the above, Subedar Khawma was put in charge of a small Burrif section operating with a Gurkha Company generally under its own devices. He organised a most efficient local intelligence system, which was of considerable assistance to his Company Commander. To supplement this, when in Kachin territory, he recruited a few Levies who were invaluable as guides and who were used to ascertain enemy dispositions and movements.
Recommended by-Major J.A.E. MacPherson-2nd Burma Rifles.
Signed by-Major-General W.D.A. Lentaigne
Commander Special Force.
Gazetted 26.04.1945.
Seen below are images of Subedar Khawma's original recommendation and a copy of the London Gazette listing for his and some of the other Military Cross awards for the Burma Rifles on Operation Thursday. Please click on any image to bring it forward on the page.
5/GCO/2 Subedar Kara Nand Surma
Brigade-77th Indian Infantry
Division-3rd Indian.
Unit-2nd Burma Rifles
Date of recommendation-19th July1944.
Action for which recommeded:
On the 17th March 1944, this officer was ordered to take a patrol of ten men from White City to investigate a report that an unspecified number of Japanese were in the village Ponhon. On nearing the village, Subedar Kara Nand Surma went forward alone and discovered a party of thirty enemy in the village. He proceeded to shoot the sentry and then having brought his patrol forward, engaged this superior force of enemy, inflicting severe casualties on them, including at least ten dead. He then withdrew his patrol with great skill and without losing any men back to White City.
On the 18th June 1944, this officer was detailed to accompany Captain Andrews' patrol which went from Natgyigon to make contact with the 38th Chinese Division. After the mission had been successfully completed and the patrol was returning to Mogaung, the head of the unit encountered an enemy patrol of one officer and 10 Other Ranks. Subedar Kara Nand Surma at once charged forward on his own and engaged the enemy with rifle fire. His great determination and dash and his complete disregard for his own safety, were directly responsible for the successful removal of the enemy party and were most inspiring to all ranks. Throughout the campaign, his conduct under all conditions has been of the very highest quality.
Honour or Reward-Military Cross.
Recommended by-Brigadier J. M. Calvert
Signed by-Major-General W.D.A. Lentaigne
Commander-Special Force.
Gazetted 26.04.1945
Seen below are some images in relation to this award, including two maps showing the areas around White City and the village of Natgyigon near Mogaung. Please click on any image to bring it foreword on the page.
Brigade-77th Indian Infantry
Division-3rd Indian.
Unit-2nd Burma Rifles
Date of recommendation-19th July1944.
Action for which recommeded:
On the 17th March 1944, this officer was ordered to take a patrol of ten men from White City to investigate a report that an unspecified number of Japanese were in the village Ponhon. On nearing the village, Subedar Kara Nand Surma went forward alone and discovered a party of thirty enemy in the village. He proceeded to shoot the sentry and then having brought his patrol forward, engaged this superior force of enemy, inflicting severe casualties on them, including at least ten dead. He then withdrew his patrol with great skill and without losing any men back to White City.
On the 18th June 1944, this officer was detailed to accompany Captain Andrews' patrol which went from Natgyigon to make contact with the 38th Chinese Division. After the mission had been successfully completed and the patrol was returning to Mogaung, the head of the unit encountered an enemy patrol of one officer and 10 Other Ranks. Subedar Kara Nand Surma at once charged forward on his own and engaged the enemy with rifle fire. His great determination and dash and his complete disregard for his own safety, were directly responsible for the successful removal of the enemy party and were most inspiring to all ranks. Throughout the campaign, his conduct under all conditions has been of the very highest quality.
Honour or Reward-Military Cross.
Recommended by-Brigadier J. M. Calvert
Signed by-Major-General W.D.A. Lentaigne
Commander-Special Force.
Gazetted 26.04.1945
Seen below are some images in relation to this award, including two maps showing the areas around White City and the village of Natgyigon near Mogaung. Please click on any image to bring it foreword on the page.
Captain Saw Lader in late 1944.
ABRO 886 2nd Lieutenant Saw Lader
Brigade-111th Indian Infantry
Division-3rd Indian.
Unit-2nd Burma Rifles, attached 111 Indian Infantry Brigade
Date of recommendation-15th June 1944.
Action for which recommended:
On 26/27th March 1944, Saw Lader was leading a recce patrol of two sections near the Kaukkwe Chaung, when he found his party surrounded by a force of 500 Japanese. The enemy attempted to capture the party, but when a platoon of them advanced frontally, Saw Lader and Naik Kya Lin drove them back by their own fire.
The enemy then attacked from the rear. Once again he drove them back. Lieutenant Saw Lader managed to give the enemy the impression that his force was much larger than it actually was and they began digging in around him. He then ordered his men to crawl away and after one hour had led them out of the enemy positions.
On 5th May 1944 he was on a recce for his column when he heard that three Japanese were asleep in a house. He decided to capture them for intelligence purposes and also to prevent the enemy from getting information of his unit's whereabouts. He led a party of two British Other Ranks to the house and entered it alone. He found that two of the Japanese had already left and the other was still asleep. He posted the B.O.R's outside incase the other Japanese returned and then set upon the other soldier, who had by now awakened. After a struggle he managed to secure him as a prisoner. During the struggle the other Japanese re-appeared and Saw Lader ordered the B.O.R's to open fire on them.
This officer performed many dangerous recces for his column. On one occasion during a rainstorm, he entered a Japanese supply dump, protected by over 100 of the enemy. He moved about inside the dump getting the exact disposition of the area. The heavy rain kept the Japanese inside and this enabled him to get back safely.
Honour or Reward-Military Cross.
Recommended by-Major J.A.E. MacPherson
Signed by-Major J. Masters, acting commander 111th Indian Infantry Brigade.
Gazetted 26.04.1945.
Brigade-111th Indian Infantry
Division-3rd Indian.
Unit-2nd Burma Rifles, attached 111 Indian Infantry Brigade
Date of recommendation-15th June 1944.
Action for which recommended:
On 26/27th March 1944, Saw Lader was leading a recce patrol of two sections near the Kaukkwe Chaung, when he found his party surrounded by a force of 500 Japanese. The enemy attempted to capture the party, but when a platoon of them advanced frontally, Saw Lader and Naik Kya Lin drove them back by their own fire.
The enemy then attacked from the rear. Once again he drove them back. Lieutenant Saw Lader managed to give the enemy the impression that his force was much larger than it actually was and they began digging in around him. He then ordered his men to crawl away and after one hour had led them out of the enemy positions.
On 5th May 1944 he was on a recce for his column when he heard that three Japanese were asleep in a house. He decided to capture them for intelligence purposes and also to prevent the enemy from getting information of his unit's whereabouts. He led a party of two British Other Ranks to the house and entered it alone. He found that two of the Japanese had already left and the other was still asleep. He posted the B.O.R's outside incase the other Japanese returned and then set upon the other soldier, who had by now awakened. After a struggle he managed to secure him as a prisoner. During the struggle the other Japanese re-appeared and Saw Lader ordered the B.O.R's to open fire on them.
This officer performed many dangerous recces for his column. On one occasion during a rainstorm, he entered a Japanese supply dump, protected by over 100 of the enemy. He moved about inside the dump getting the exact disposition of the area. The heavy rain kept the Japanese inside and this enabled him to get back safely.
Honour or Reward-Military Cross.
Recommended by-Major J.A.E. MacPherson
Signed by-Major J. Masters, acting commander 111th Indian Infantry Brigade.
Gazetted 26.04.1945.
Subedar Agu Di.
50012 Subedar Agu Di
Brigade-16th British Infantry
Division-3rd Indian.
Unit-2nd Burma Rifles, attached 51/69 Regiment Royal Artillery.
Date of recommendation-25th June 1944.
Action for which recommended:
During operations in Burma between the 11th February and the 3rd May 1944, Subedar Agu Di was commanding the Kachin section of his column. In this capacity he rendered most valuable service, notably on the 13th March at Hwehke, when he was instrumental in discovering armed Japanese agents in the village. Two of these were captured by the column; two more had disappeared, however, Subedar Agu Di sought them out, captured and disarmed them.
Throughout the campaign he rendered invaluable services, entering villages and securing information about the presence and movements of enemy troops. He conducted skilled propaganda amongst the inhabitants and was instrumental by his handling of them in securing their utmost cooperation, without which the occupation of the important enemy-held communication centre at Lonkin, would have been much more difficult.
The excellent results obtained by his men, for whose training he was directly responsible, are due to his fine qualities and experience as a trainer and leader of troops. On all occasions he displayed the utmost coolness when in contact with the enemy, and the British personnel of his troop held him in the same admiration as did the soldiers of his own race.
Honour or Reward-Military Cross.
Recommended by-Lieutenant-Colonel R.C. Sutcliffe.
Commanding 51/69 Regiment R.A.
Signed by-Major-General W.D.A. Lentaigne
Commander Special Force.
Gazetted 26.04.1945.
Agu Di was the son Salang Dansa Hpung, a Blacksmith by profession and Chyang Zawn his mother, who lived in Hkawng Lang Hpu Seng, located in the northern part of Kachin State. He enlisted into the military on the 30th May 1925, joining the 10/20 Training Battalion of the Burma Rifles. After training for one year, Agu Di was transferred to 1/20th Burma Rifles on 26th June 1926. He was quickly promoted and then began to train the new recruits at the 10/20 Training Centre and became a fully fledged instructor by 1935. He then completed his Weapon Training Course, Field Work Course, Burma Army Education English Course and attended the Defence Service Academy at Maymyo.
During the years of WW2 he fought against the Japanese invading force at Myawaddy on the Thailand Border in January 1942. Then during the retreat, was caught up at the Sittang Bridge along with the 17th Indian Infantry Division and witnessed the bridges destruction on the 22nd February 1942. Agu Di was one of the unfortunate men left stranded on the east bank of the river and had to abandon his equipment and swim across, all the while under enemy fire. He joined up with the 4th Battalion, the Burma Rifles and escaped via Mandalay, Indaw and the Naga Hills before reaching the relative safety of Imphal in Assam.
Agu Di was promoted to the rank of Subedar on the 30th April 1943, presumably as a consequence of his performance during the first Chindit expedition. He then served with the 16th British Infantry Brigade on Operation Thursday and was awarded the Military Cross for his efforts during the second Chindit expedition in 1944. After the war he was promoted to full Lieutenant on the 15th December 1945 and then served with distinction in the fledgling Burmese Army, attaining the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel in July 1949. His final role in the military was as Assistant-Deputy Inspector, The Union of Military Police, responsible for policing the General Northern Range of the country. Agu Di retired from this position in October 1953. It is recorded that he died on the 21st September 1996.
Seen below is a map of the area around the Burmese village of Hwekhe, where Subedar Agu Di discovered and dealt with the Japanese agents on the 13th March 1944. Please click on the image to bring it forward on the page.
Brigade-16th British Infantry
Division-3rd Indian.
Unit-2nd Burma Rifles, attached 51/69 Regiment Royal Artillery.
Date of recommendation-25th June 1944.
Action for which recommended:
During operations in Burma between the 11th February and the 3rd May 1944, Subedar Agu Di was commanding the Kachin section of his column. In this capacity he rendered most valuable service, notably on the 13th March at Hwehke, when he was instrumental in discovering armed Japanese agents in the village. Two of these were captured by the column; two more had disappeared, however, Subedar Agu Di sought them out, captured and disarmed them.
Throughout the campaign he rendered invaluable services, entering villages and securing information about the presence and movements of enemy troops. He conducted skilled propaganda amongst the inhabitants and was instrumental by his handling of them in securing their utmost cooperation, without which the occupation of the important enemy-held communication centre at Lonkin, would have been much more difficult.
The excellent results obtained by his men, for whose training he was directly responsible, are due to his fine qualities and experience as a trainer and leader of troops. On all occasions he displayed the utmost coolness when in contact with the enemy, and the British personnel of his troop held him in the same admiration as did the soldiers of his own race.
Honour or Reward-Military Cross.
Recommended by-Lieutenant-Colonel R.C. Sutcliffe.
Commanding 51/69 Regiment R.A.
Signed by-Major-General W.D.A. Lentaigne
Commander Special Force.
Gazetted 26.04.1945.
Agu Di was the son Salang Dansa Hpung, a Blacksmith by profession and Chyang Zawn his mother, who lived in Hkawng Lang Hpu Seng, located in the northern part of Kachin State. He enlisted into the military on the 30th May 1925, joining the 10/20 Training Battalion of the Burma Rifles. After training for one year, Agu Di was transferred to 1/20th Burma Rifles on 26th June 1926. He was quickly promoted and then began to train the new recruits at the 10/20 Training Centre and became a fully fledged instructor by 1935. He then completed his Weapon Training Course, Field Work Course, Burma Army Education English Course and attended the Defence Service Academy at Maymyo.
During the years of WW2 he fought against the Japanese invading force at Myawaddy on the Thailand Border in January 1942. Then during the retreat, was caught up at the Sittang Bridge along with the 17th Indian Infantry Division and witnessed the bridges destruction on the 22nd February 1942. Agu Di was one of the unfortunate men left stranded on the east bank of the river and had to abandon his equipment and swim across, all the while under enemy fire. He joined up with the 4th Battalion, the Burma Rifles and escaped via Mandalay, Indaw and the Naga Hills before reaching the relative safety of Imphal in Assam.
Agu Di was promoted to the rank of Subedar on the 30th April 1943, presumably as a consequence of his performance during the first Chindit expedition. He then served with the 16th British Infantry Brigade on Operation Thursday and was awarded the Military Cross for his efforts during the second Chindit expedition in 1944. After the war he was promoted to full Lieutenant on the 15th December 1945 and then served with distinction in the fledgling Burmese Army, attaining the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel in July 1949. His final role in the military was as Assistant-Deputy Inspector, The Union of Military Police, responsible for policing the General Northern Range of the country. Agu Di retired from this position in October 1953. It is recorded that he died on the 21st September 1996.
Seen below is a map of the area around the Burmese village of Hwekhe, where Subedar Agu Di discovered and dealt with the Japanese agents on the 13th March 1944. Please click on the image to bring it forward on the page.
The Burmese village of Hwekhe, situated approximately halfway between the Chindwin River and the Chindit stronghold nicknamed 'Aberdeen'.
50237 Subedar Bu Gyan
Brigade-77th Indian Infantry
Division-3rd Indian.
Unit-2nd Burma Rifles, attached South Staffordshire's.
Date of recommendation-19th July 1944.
Action for which recommended:
On the 23rd March 1944, this officer was a member of a fighting patrol, which had as one of its tasks, to take prisoner the Headman of Ponhon village. The patrol left Henu at about 1100 hours, moving through Mawlu to Sepein, when about 50 yards from Sepein the enemy opened up with intense fire inflicting casualties and pinning the platoon down in open paddy fields. The whole approach was and had to be done across open country as the platoon could not move and could not receive covering fire in support.
This officer immediately volunteered along with a British Sergeant to report back for assistance and to relay the situation to me. This entailed a movement of about 800 yards in open paddy, which at the time was covered by enemy fire. He proceeded to crawl back a distance of 300 yards, being fired at all the time until he rounded a railway embankment.
On reaching the embankment he met four Japanese crawling up the nullah twenty yards away. Bu Gyan emptied his Sten Gun into them, threw a grenade, then made a dash to Mawlu and then on to Henu. There he met Brigadier Calvert and myself and gave us the information. It was on this information that a plan was made to extricate the platoon which was pinned down. Had it not been for this gallant officer and his courageous action, it would have been very difficult to have made the plan which was later successful in extricating the platoon.
During the period at the Henu Block (White City) this officer was sent out and organised small standing patrols in practically all the villages in the Henu area. These patrols were invaluable to the Commander in giving information about enemy movements. Throughout the whole campaign this officer has done remarkably well in every task assigned to him, both by me and other officers of the battalion. His advice and knowledge of the enemy have saved us undue danger and extra marching. In all actions this officer has taken an active part and has most definitely accounted for several Japanese. His courage and determination was an inspiration to his Section and at times the whole platoon.
Honour or Reward-Military Cross.
Recommended by-Lt-Col. R. Degg commander 1st Battalion, the South Staffordshire Regiment.
Signed by-Major-General W.D.A. Lentaigne.
Commnader 3rd Indian Division.
Gazetted 26.04.1945
Seen below is a map of the area around the White City stronghold showing all the Burmese villages mentioned in the above citation. Please click on the map to bring it forward on the page.
Brigade-77th Indian Infantry
Division-3rd Indian.
Unit-2nd Burma Rifles, attached South Staffordshire's.
Date of recommendation-19th July 1944.
Action for which recommended:
On the 23rd March 1944, this officer was a member of a fighting patrol, which had as one of its tasks, to take prisoner the Headman of Ponhon village. The patrol left Henu at about 1100 hours, moving through Mawlu to Sepein, when about 50 yards from Sepein the enemy opened up with intense fire inflicting casualties and pinning the platoon down in open paddy fields. The whole approach was and had to be done across open country as the platoon could not move and could not receive covering fire in support.
This officer immediately volunteered along with a British Sergeant to report back for assistance and to relay the situation to me. This entailed a movement of about 800 yards in open paddy, which at the time was covered by enemy fire. He proceeded to crawl back a distance of 300 yards, being fired at all the time until he rounded a railway embankment.
On reaching the embankment he met four Japanese crawling up the nullah twenty yards away. Bu Gyan emptied his Sten Gun into them, threw a grenade, then made a dash to Mawlu and then on to Henu. There he met Brigadier Calvert and myself and gave us the information. It was on this information that a plan was made to extricate the platoon which was pinned down. Had it not been for this gallant officer and his courageous action, it would have been very difficult to have made the plan which was later successful in extricating the platoon.
During the period at the Henu Block (White City) this officer was sent out and organised small standing patrols in practically all the villages in the Henu area. These patrols were invaluable to the Commander in giving information about enemy movements. Throughout the whole campaign this officer has done remarkably well in every task assigned to him, both by me and other officers of the battalion. His advice and knowledge of the enemy have saved us undue danger and extra marching. In all actions this officer has taken an active part and has most definitely accounted for several Japanese. His courage and determination was an inspiration to his Section and at times the whole platoon.
Honour or Reward-Military Cross.
Recommended by-Lt-Col. R. Degg commander 1st Battalion, the South Staffordshire Regiment.
Signed by-Major-General W.D.A. Lentaigne.
Commnader 3rd Indian Division.
Gazetted 26.04.1945
Seen below is a map of the area around the White City stronghold showing all the Burmese villages mentioned in the above citation. Please click on the map to bring it forward on the page.
Map of the area around White City.
50091 Jemadar La Raw
Brigade-77th Indian Infantry
Division-3rd Indian.
Unit-2nd Burma Rifles, attached 1st Battalion, The Lancashire Fusiliers.
Date of recommendation-15th July 1944.
Action for which recommended:
Amongst the many successful reconnaissance and fighting patrols that Jemadar La Raw carried out during the campaign from March to July 1944, the following three examples are given to show the high standard of fieldcraft, courage and reliability shown by this officer on all operations he commanded.
On the 27th March 1944, La Raw was ordered to occupy an observation point with three Burma Riflemen on the main track near Tonlon and to observe enemy movements along it. He occupied an ambush position which in addition gave him observation along a good stretch of the road. Shortly after his occupation, fifteen Japanese marched along the track towards the Burma Riflemen.
The Japanese, although they were unaware of the Burrifs position, were alert and taking normal military precautions. Jemadar La Raw held his fire until the main body of the enemy were almost on top of his position. He then opened fire with Sten guns and rifles, his only armament. Two dead Japanese were picked up and the remainder fled into the jungle.
On the 17th April 1944, Jemadar La Raw was loaned out to Lt-Colonel Vaughan and his West African Regiment. He was detailed to observe and report on enemy movement in Tonlon. When he had occupied his O.P. a platoon of Japanese was seen leaving the village, two section marching north and one section south towards the O.P. Again La Raw controlled his fire with great coolness and opening up at very close range, he killed seven including the Japanese officer in command.
On the 25th April 1944, Jemadar La Raw had joined Brigade Headquarters at Nahpi. Brigade Commander, Brigadier J. M. Calvert detailed him to find new enemy positions and movements in the vicinity of the road and railway. La Raw set out with six Burma Riflemen. The information he brought back was of such value and of such scope that he was personally complimented by Calvert, who said it was one of best reconnaissances made during the Campaign.
Jemadar La Raw has shown courage, coolness and devotion to duty throughout the Campaign and his Section has been made all the more efficient by his example. It is recommended that he is awarded the Burma Gallantry Medal. (Awarded the Military Cross).
Honour or Reward-Military Cross.
Recommended by-Lieutenant-Colonel N. F. H. Christie (1st Lancashire Fusiliers).
Signed by-Brigadier J.M. Calvert.
Gazetted 26.04.1945
Seen below is a map of the area around White City, showing the position of Jemadar La Raw's reconnaissances and ambushes against the Japanese. Please click on the map to bring it forward on the page.
Brigade-77th Indian Infantry
Division-3rd Indian.
Unit-2nd Burma Rifles, attached 1st Battalion, The Lancashire Fusiliers.
Date of recommendation-15th July 1944.
Action for which recommended:
Amongst the many successful reconnaissance and fighting patrols that Jemadar La Raw carried out during the campaign from March to July 1944, the following three examples are given to show the high standard of fieldcraft, courage and reliability shown by this officer on all operations he commanded.
On the 27th March 1944, La Raw was ordered to occupy an observation point with three Burma Riflemen on the main track near Tonlon and to observe enemy movements along it. He occupied an ambush position which in addition gave him observation along a good stretch of the road. Shortly after his occupation, fifteen Japanese marched along the track towards the Burma Riflemen.
The Japanese, although they were unaware of the Burrifs position, were alert and taking normal military precautions. Jemadar La Raw held his fire until the main body of the enemy were almost on top of his position. He then opened fire with Sten guns and rifles, his only armament. Two dead Japanese were picked up and the remainder fled into the jungle.
On the 17th April 1944, Jemadar La Raw was loaned out to Lt-Colonel Vaughan and his West African Regiment. He was detailed to observe and report on enemy movement in Tonlon. When he had occupied his O.P. a platoon of Japanese was seen leaving the village, two section marching north and one section south towards the O.P. Again La Raw controlled his fire with great coolness and opening up at very close range, he killed seven including the Japanese officer in command.
On the 25th April 1944, Jemadar La Raw had joined Brigade Headquarters at Nahpi. Brigade Commander, Brigadier J. M. Calvert detailed him to find new enemy positions and movements in the vicinity of the road and railway. La Raw set out with six Burma Riflemen. The information he brought back was of such value and of such scope that he was personally complimented by Calvert, who said it was one of best reconnaissances made during the Campaign.
Jemadar La Raw has shown courage, coolness and devotion to duty throughout the Campaign and his Section has been made all the more efficient by his example. It is recommended that he is awarded the Burma Gallantry Medal. (Awarded the Military Cross).
Honour or Reward-Military Cross.
Recommended by-Lieutenant-Colonel N. F. H. Christie (1st Lancashire Fusiliers).
Signed by-Brigadier J.M. Calvert.
Gazetted 26.04.1945
Seen below is a map of the area around White City, showing the position of Jemadar La Raw's reconnaissances and ambushes against the Japanese. Please click on the map to bring it forward on the page.
The White City Stronghold, including the villages of Tonlon and Nahpi.
Corporal Zau Lai.
246 Corporal Zau Lai
1st Battalion Detachment 101.
Award-Citation for Military Assistance.
Awarded to Lance-Corporal Zau Lai 1st Battalion Detachment 101. Citation from 1st Battalion Headquarters, Detachment 101: June 26th 1945
The Citation for Military Assistance award is hereby bestowed upon L/Corporal Zau Lai in recognition of his services to American troops in Burma. For outstanding service on January 12th 1945, in the patrol clash at Yethin. Zau Lai the Section Leader of 1st Section from the 1st Platoon, upon contacting 30 Japanese on the outskirts of Yethin, opened fire on them and continued to skirmish until they had expended all ammunition and were forced to withdraw. While withdrawing, Lance Corporal Bang Zing Gam was wounded in the left side of the chest by a Nambu machine gun. L/ Corporal Zau Lai, with utter disregard for his own life, crawled out under machine gun fire and pulled him out to safety.
In recognition of his outstanding service, Detachment 101 wishes to show its gratitude by awarding L/Corporal Zau Lai the Citation for Military Assistance.
Signed-Major P.R. Maddox. C/O 1st Battalion, Detachment 101.
Zau Lai enlisted into the Burma Frontier Force on the 30th November 1939 and also served in the pre-operational reconnaissance for the first Chindit expedition in 1943. After a period of training in India, he then joined the forces of the American trained Kachin Rangers in 1944, before transferring to Detachment 101. In 1946, the British Government rewarded all Burmese Military personnel with the award of the 1939/45 Star. It is likely that Zau Lai would have also received the Burma Star and possibly the Defence Medal.
1st Battalion Detachment 101.
Award-Citation for Military Assistance.
Awarded to Lance-Corporal Zau Lai 1st Battalion Detachment 101. Citation from 1st Battalion Headquarters, Detachment 101: June 26th 1945
The Citation for Military Assistance award is hereby bestowed upon L/Corporal Zau Lai in recognition of his services to American troops in Burma. For outstanding service on January 12th 1945, in the patrol clash at Yethin. Zau Lai the Section Leader of 1st Section from the 1st Platoon, upon contacting 30 Japanese on the outskirts of Yethin, opened fire on them and continued to skirmish until they had expended all ammunition and were forced to withdraw. While withdrawing, Lance Corporal Bang Zing Gam was wounded in the left side of the chest by a Nambu machine gun. L/ Corporal Zau Lai, with utter disregard for his own life, crawled out under machine gun fire and pulled him out to safety.
In recognition of his outstanding service, Detachment 101 wishes to show its gratitude by awarding L/Corporal Zau Lai the Citation for Military Assistance.
Signed-Major P.R. Maddox. C/O 1st Battalion, Detachment 101.
Zau Lai enlisted into the Burma Frontier Force on the 30th November 1939 and also served in the pre-operational reconnaissance for the first Chindit expedition in 1943. After a period of training in India, he then joined the forces of the American trained Kachin Rangers in 1944, before transferring to Detachment 101. In 1946, the British Government rewarded all Burmese Military personnel with the award of the 1939/45 Star. It is likely that Zau Lai would have also received the Burma Star and possibly the Defence Medal.
The medal associated with the Citation for Military Assistance.
Havildar Sein U, circa 1944.
50201 Havildar Sein U
The MacGregor Medal was awarded to Lance-Naik Sein U, who in December 1942, formed part of a patrol which entered Burma prior to the first Wingate expedition. The patrol traversed more than 100 miles of difficult jungle country, avoiding enemy positions whilst conducting pre-operational reconnaissance. As a result of the knowledge gained, Sein U was able, a month later, to guide a column of the Wingate expedition into the heart of enemy-occupied country.
The award is named after Major-General Sir Charles Metcalfe MacGregor, who was an Anglo-Indian explorer, geographer and officer of the British Indian Army. The decoration (seen below) came in the form of a large silver medal to be worn around the neck. Sein U was also Mentioned in Despatches on the 16th December 1943, in recognition of his gallant and distinguished services in Burma.
Sadly, in later life, Sein U fell on very hard times and finding that he had no other option, decided to write to the British Government in the hope that they might come forward with some assistance. Seen below is a transcript of his respectful and modest letter:
Dear Sir,
I hereby humbly request your kind consideration for the provision of an allowance or provident fund that granted from England to those concerned. I joined the British Army in 4th Burma Rifles with effect from 4.4.1937 and again served in 2nd Burma Rifles in 1939. Subsequently I became a Lance Corporal and was then promoted to Corporal. I had been in the service of the Army until Burma gained independence. I served in the British Army from the years 1942 to 1945 in India and I received the medal MacGregor in the battle fought in 1945.
I had to attend the dinner given and honoured by His Majesty the King from April 1946 until the month of August. Now I am old and my age is eighty years and I have been suffering from stroke or paralysis, and my health has been deteriorating and am facing with lack of food, clothing and shelter problems. Therefore please be kind enough and do me a favour. I hope any request will be under your kind consideration for any application put up.
Your respectfully
Reg. No. 50201
Name: Sein U
Date of Birth: 4.5.1918
Religion: Christian
National: Kayin
Postscript: Sein U died on the 24th April 2001, not long after writing this letter. However, the British officers running the Welfare Fund were at least able to help his family and other dependants. Seen below are some images of the MacGregor Medal, please click on either image to bring it forward on the page.
The MacGregor Medal was awarded to Lance-Naik Sein U, who in December 1942, formed part of a patrol which entered Burma prior to the first Wingate expedition. The patrol traversed more than 100 miles of difficult jungle country, avoiding enemy positions whilst conducting pre-operational reconnaissance. As a result of the knowledge gained, Sein U was able, a month later, to guide a column of the Wingate expedition into the heart of enemy-occupied country.
The award is named after Major-General Sir Charles Metcalfe MacGregor, who was an Anglo-Indian explorer, geographer and officer of the British Indian Army. The decoration (seen below) came in the form of a large silver medal to be worn around the neck. Sein U was also Mentioned in Despatches on the 16th December 1943, in recognition of his gallant and distinguished services in Burma.
Sadly, in later life, Sein U fell on very hard times and finding that he had no other option, decided to write to the British Government in the hope that they might come forward with some assistance. Seen below is a transcript of his respectful and modest letter:
Dear Sir,
I hereby humbly request your kind consideration for the provision of an allowance or provident fund that granted from England to those concerned. I joined the British Army in 4th Burma Rifles with effect from 4.4.1937 and again served in 2nd Burma Rifles in 1939. Subsequently I became a Lance Corporal and was then promoted to Corporal. I had been in the service of the Army until Burma gained independence. I served in the British Army from the years 1942 to 1945 in India and I received the medal MacGregor in the battle fought in 1945.
I had to attend the dinner given and honoured by His Majesty the King from April 1946 until the month of August. Now I am old and my age is eighty years and I have been suffering from stroke or paralysis, and my health has been deteriorating and am facing with lack of food, clothing and shelter problems. Therefore please be kind enough and do me a favour. I hope any request will be under your kind consideration for any application put up.
Your respectfully
Reg. No. 50201
Name: Sein U
Date of Birth: 4.5.1918
Religion: Christian
National: Kayin
Postscript: Sein U died on the 24th April 2001, not long after writing this letter. However, the British officers running the Welfare Fund were at least able to help his family and other dependants. Seen below are some images of the MacGregor Medal, please click on either image to bring it forward on the page.
Burma Gallantry Medal.
103 Subedar-Major Ah Di (Kachin Levies).
London Gazette: 28/6/1945.
Recommendation: War Substantive Jemadar, local Subadar-Major Ah Di, N. Kachin Levies late 2nd Burma Rifles.
Area of Award: Fort Hertz.
During the period 16th May to 15th August 1944, this Officer has rendered most valuable service. From 16th May to approximately 25th May he commanded a Levy Company during which period he was responsible for the ambushing of a party of Japs over fifty strong, and definitely killing eight of these without loss to his force.
He also organised several successful raids on Jap encampments with the loss of only one Levy killed. On the night of the 7th August an estimated Jap force of 180 strong withdrawing from Myitkhina after its fall attempted to break through Sara Gahtawng/Sem Auk area. They succeeded through the Levy Outpost line but were repulsed when they reached his company H.Q. and the whole party broken up and scattered.
The resistance put up by this Levy H.Q. was due to this officers correct appreciation of the situation and his rallying of the Levy Platoons in reserve. A few days later this officer again distinguished himself by tracking down Jap stragglers very successfully. His leadership throughout has been of a very high standard and his devotion to duty at all times was the finest of examples to both officers and men.
Recommended by: W.J. Slim
London Gazette: 28/6/1945.
Recommendation: War Substantive Jemadar, local Subadar-Major Ah Di, N. Kachin Levies late 2nd Burma Rifles.
Area of Award: Fort Hertz.
During the period 16th May to 15th August 1944, this Officer has rendered most valuable service. From 16th May to approximately 25th May he commanded a Levy Company during which period he was responsible for the ambushing of a party of Japs over fifty strong, and definitely killing eight of these without loss to his force.
He also organised several successful raids on Jap encampments with the loss of only one Levy killed. On the night of the 7th August an estimated Jap force of 180 strong withdrawing from Myitkhina after its fall attempted to break through Sara Gahtawng/Sem Auk area. They succeeded through the Levy Outpost line but were repulsed when they reached his company H.Q. and the whole party broken up and scattered.
The resistance put up by this Levy H.Q. was due to this officers correct appreciation of the situation and his rallying of the Levy Platoons in reserve. A few days later this officer again distinguished himself by tracking down Jap stragglers very successfully. His leadership throughout has been of a very high standard and his devotion to duty at all times was the finest of examples to both officers and men.
Recommended by: W.J. Slim
To read more about Ah Di and his contribution on Operation Longcloth, please click on the following links to other pages on this website:
Captain Nigel Whitehead
Burma Rifles Roll Call
Captain Nigel Whitehead
Burma Rifles Roll Call